Future-oriented generic grid code regarding wind power plants in Europe

The assessment of compliance with grid codes requirements can be challenging for researchers and (early stage) technology developers. To tackle this problem, a generic grid code is proposed in this article that defines certain requirements aimed for future scenarios with high shares of renewables. The proposed code is not linked to a particular grid of a certain region or country. The requirements are expressed in a mathematical way, in contrast to the legal format of real grid codes, to enable for easier implementation. The parameterised expressions enable for easy customisation for specific use cases. The compliance is assessed through reference under/over voltage test events and a test frequency disturbance, to which desired responses are specified. Detailed dynamic tolerance bands are defined around the desired responses, using linear parameterised functions providing a clear and continuous definition that leaves little room for interpretation. This generic grid code is inspired by the present regulations, especially the European grid code framework (ENTSO-E RfG) and the Irish grid code, which is seen by many as a benchmark regarding wind power integration. However, the generic grid code includes additional requirements that are not commonly part of grid codes today, including requirements covering asymmetric faults and inertia-like response to frequency deviations.acceptedVersio

Development of a generic future grid code regarding wind power in Europe

Present grid codes might not be a suitable reference for future-oriented research. The diversity of grid codes by different transmission system operators makes it challenging to get a clear and compact general overview on grid code requirements. ENTSO-E aims to develop a uniform grid code framework for Europe, which at present, however, still leaves many key aspects unspecified, referring instead to regulation by the relevant transmission system operator. To enable for general assessment of grid code compliance in future scenarios, a generic future grid code is required for academic research purposes, hence the compliance test is generalised and future-oriented rather than examining it with actual grid codes of today. The generic grid code under development provides fault ride through voltage profile and the required response, as well as frequency and rate of change of frequency requirements and the demanded power-frequency response. The specifications are inspired by the European grid codes, by ENTSO-E and the Irish grid code, which is seen by many as progressive when it comes to wind power integration

East-West Trade Regulation in the United States (1974 Trade Act, Title IV)

The Orchard Sports Injury Classification System (OSICS) is one of the world’s most commonly used systems for coding injury diagnoses in sports injury surveillance systems. Its major strengths are that it has wide usage, has codes specific to sports medicine and that it is free to use. Literature searches and stakeholder consultations were made to assess the uptake of OSICS and to develop new versions. OSICS was commonly used in the sports of football (soccer), Australian football, rugby union, cricket and tennis. It is referenced in international papers in three sports and used in four commercially available computerised injury management systems. Suggested injury categories for the major sports are presented. New versions OSICS 9 (three digit codes) and OSICS 10.1 (four digit codes) are presented. OSICS is a potentially helpful component of a comprehensive sports injury surveillance system, but many other components are required. Choices made in developing these components should ideally be agreed upon by groups of researchers in consensus statements

EFFECTS OF LOWER BODY COMPRESSION GARMENT IN MUSCLE OSCILLATION AND TISSULAR INJURY DURING INTENSE EXERCISE

This study meant to evaluate if compression garments have a protector effect on muscular injury. Nine active males participated in the study ([mean ± SD] age 27.7 ± 10.9 years; height 176.8 ± 3.6 cm; weight 76.1 ± 6.1 kg). Subjects performed a 40 min running test at the velocity of their anaerobic threshold with a negative steep of –10% wearing shorts with compression in one leg and no compression in the other leg using a balanced, randomised design. Muscular displacement was evaluated using a 3D analysis. Tissue damage was assessed by a muscular biopsy performed 48h after the running test. Results indicate a significantly higher muscular displacement in the leg with no compression and an increased muscular damage. This indicates that compression shorts have a protective effect on muscle

Estudio prospectivo de maduración, desarrollo e incidencia lesional en balonmano formativo de élite. ¿Puede el estado madurativo ser un factor determinante de la incidencia lesional en balonmano?

El objetivo de este estudio es describir la relación entre incidencia lesional (IL) y estado madurativo de jugadores varones de balonmano formativo (BmF) de alto nivel competicional. Se analizan durante 2 temporadas la incidencia de lesión deportiva de forma prospectiva en 133 jugadores, los criterios de maduración biológica y la carga física de exposición. Se siguieron los criterios para estudios de epidemiología lesional según el consenso UEFA. Las variables utilizadas para analizar el estado madurativo son los estadios de Tanner, la pubertad, el pico de velocidad de crecimiento, el volumen testicular y la edad ósea. Se registraron 190 lesiones para un total de 34.222 h de exposición. La IL total media de todas las categorías fue de 5,6 lesiones/1.000 h de exposición. En competición, el valor fue de 21,8 lesiones/1.000 h, y en entrenamiento, de 3,1 lesiones/1.000 h. No se encontraron diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre IL, la edad cronológica y los diferentes estados madurativos por ANOVA. El análisis estadístico multivariante registra cierta tendencia entre las asociaciones de IL en competición para categoría (p = 0,07), y en la IL en entrenamientos para Tanner (p = 0,091) y pubertad (p = 0,021). En conclusión, si bien no se detectaron diferencias significativas en la IL por edades en jugadores de BmF, sí se aprecia una tendencia real en determinados estadios madurativos mediante el análisis multivariante. Esto deberá tenerse en cuenta para planificación entrenamientos y estrategias de prevención de la lesión deportiva en el contexto del BmF

Could single nucleotide polymorphisms influence on the efficacy of platelet-rich plasma in the treatment of sport injuries?

Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) is a new powerful biological tool in sports medicine, when used to treat tendon, ligament and muscle injuries. PRP is a fraction of autologous whole blood containing an increased number of platelets and a wide variety of cytokines that can improve and accelerate the healing of various tissues. An analysis of the literature shows promising preclinical results for PRP treatment, but there is a lack of solid clinical proof to support its use in sports medicine, and in fact, clinical findings on individual responses to PRP treatment are contradictory. These contradictions may be due to interindividual differences in the presence of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in genes related to PRPs and/or their receptors. These SNPs can determine a greater or lesser response to this treatment and consequently a shorter or longer recovery time. We have focused our attention in the study of genes related to PRP with the aim to develope a genetic profile that will identify the individuals and injuries most likely to benefit from PRP treatmen

Revision, uptake and coding issues related to theopen access Orchard Sports Injury ClassificationSystem (OSICS) versions 8, 9 and 10.1

The Orchard Sports Injury Classification System (OSICS) is one of the world’s most commonly used systems for coding injury diagnoses in sports injury surveillance systems. Its major strengths are that it has wide usage, has codes specific to sports medicine and that it is free to use. Literature searches and stakeholder consultations were made to assess the uptake of OSICS and to develop new versions. OSICS was commonly used in the sports of football (soccer), Australian football, rugby union, cricket and tennis. It is referenced in international papers in three sports and used in four commercially available computerised injury management systems. Suggested injury categories for the major sports are presented. New versions OSICS 9 (three digit codes) and OSICS 10.1 (four digit codes) are presented. OSICS is a potentially helpful component of a comprehensive sports injury surveillance system, but many other components are required. Choices made in developing these components should ideally be agreed upon by groups of researchers in consensus statements