Additional file 1 of Prospects for the development of community-based care in remote rural areas: a stakeholder analysis in Laos

Additional file 1: Interview guides. Translation of the qualitative interview guides

MOESM1 of Household clustering of asymptomatic malaria infections in Xepon district, Savannakhet province, Lao PDR

Additional file 1. Primer sequences

MOESM2 of Household clustering of asymptomatic malaria infections in Xepon district, Savannakhet province, Lao PDR

Additional file 2. Characteristics of each participant with positive test results

Results of ELISA for cysticercosis using LMWAgs in Sepon, Savannakhet, Laos.

<p>A total of 235 serum samples from 3 villages and the Ethnic School were tested. In total 7.2% (17/235) samples were considered cysticercosis positives in ELISA, confirmed by immunoblot. Kalouk Kao village presented the higher number of positives 14.3% (7/49), followed by Poung village with 10.7% (6/56). Ayay Yay village and the students of the Ethnic School in Sepon presented significant lower seropositivity to cysticercosis (p<0.05) with 2 positives each, corresponding to 3.1% (2/64) and 3.0% (2/66) of positivity respectively. Two <i>T</i>. <i>solium</i> tapeworms were confirmed from Kalouk Kao village (n = 1) and Ethnic School (n = 1). The cutoff value of 0.115 (dash line) was calculated as 4 times the mean OD of negative control samples (Neg Ctrl).</p

MOESM1 of Towards malaria elimination in Savannakhet, Lao PDR: mathematical modelling driven strategy design

Additional file 1.  Model structure and equations

Samples of the <i>Taenia</i> tapeworms used for molecular analysis.

<p>All the samples were obtained in Kalouk Kao. The allele shown in bold is <i>Taenia asiatica</i> type allele.</p

The tapeworm expulsion and the results of the different diagnostic tests done in Sepon district, Savannakhet province, Lao-PDR.

<p>People receiving treatment for taeniasis and seropositives for cysticercosis is listed by village. Eighteen people received treatment for tapeworms with a total of 28 worms recovered from 16 patients. Kalouk Kao and Poung presented significantly more taeniasis than Ayay Yay and the Ethnic School students. <i>Taenia asiatica</i> diagnosed by mitochondrial DNA was recovered only from Kalouk Kao where 2 people harbored concomitant infection by <i>T</i>. <i>saginata</i> and <i>T</i>. <i>asiatica</i>.</p

MOESM2 of Why do people participate in mass anti-malarial administration? Findings from a qualitative study in Nong District, Savannakhet Province, Lao PDR (Laos)

Additional file 2. Malaria guideline book for community members (in English)

<i>Taenia solium</i>, <i>Taenia saginata</i>, <i>Taenia asiatica</i>, their hybrids and other helminthic infections occurring in a neglected tropical diseases' highly endemic area in Lao PDR

<div><p>Most part of Southeast Asia is considered endemic for human-infecting <i>Taenia</i> tapeworms; <i>Taenia solium</i>, <i>T</i>. <i>saginata</i>, and <i>T</i>. <i>asiatica</i>. However, until now there was no report of the occurrence of human cases of <i>T</i>. <i>asiatica</i> in Lao PDR. This study, conducted in Savannakhet Province, Lao PDR, microscopically examined a total of 470 fecal samples by Kato Katz method and found 86% of people harboring at least one helminth. Hookworms were detected in 56% of the samples besides <i>Opisthorchis</i> like eggs (42%), <i>Trichuris trichiura</i> (27%), <i>Ascaris</i> spp. (14%), and <i>Taenia</i> spp. (4%) eggs. Serology for cysticercosis showed 6.8% positives with results varying from 3% to 14.3% in Ethnic School students and Kalouk Kao village respectively. Species-specific PCR targeting mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) of 28 tapeworms, recovered from 16 patients, revealed <i>T</i>. <i>solium</i> (n = 2), <i>T</i>. <i>saginata</i> (n = 21), and <i>T</i>. <i>asiatica</i> (n = 5). Two patients were confirmed to be coinfected with <i>T</i>. <i>saginata</i> and <i>T</i>. <i>asiatica</i>, indicating the endemicity of the 3 human <i>Taenia</i> in Lao PDR. However, nucleotide sequencing of a nuclear DNA gene, DNA polymerase delta (<i>pold</i>) revealed that all the tapeworms identified as <i>T</i>. <i>asiatica</i> using mtDNA had <i>T</i>. <i>saginata</i> type allele at <i>pold</i> locus, demonstrating that they are not “pure <i>T</i>. <i>asiatica</i>” but the hybrid descendants between the two species, confirming the wide distribution of hybrids of <i>T</i>. <i>saginata</i>/ <i>T</i>. <i>asiatica</i> in Southeast Asia. The high prevalence of several helminthic NTDs in east Savannakhet area even with conventional control measures indicates the importance to establish wide and multifaceted health programs to sustainably improve the quality of life of the populations living in these communities.</p></div

Map of the GMS.

<p>Origins of parasite samples are marked as red dots. The Mekong River is shown in blue.</p