From reverse innovation to global innovation in animal health: a review

Reverse innovation refers to learning from or diffusion of innovations developed in low income settings and further translated to industrialized countries. There is lack of consensus regarding terminology, but the idea that innovations in low-income countries are promising for adoption in high-income contexts is not new. However, in healthcare literature globally, the vast majority of publications referring to 'disruptive innovation' were published in the last ten years. To assess the potential of innovative developments and technologies for improving animal health, we initiated a literature review in 2020. We used a combined approach, incorporating targeted searching in PubMed using a key word algorithm with a snowball technique, to identify 120 relevant publications and extract data for qualitative coding. Heterogeneity of articles precluded meta-analysis, quality scoring and risk of bias analysis. We can distinguish technical innovations like new digital devices, diagnostic tests and procedures, and social innovations of intersectoral cooperation. We profile two case studies to describe potential global innovations: an integrated surveillance and response system in Somali Regional State, Ethiopia and a blockchain secured One Health intervention to optimally provide post-exposure prophylaxis for rabies exposed people in West Africa. Innovation follows no borders and can also occur in low-income settings, under constraints of cost, lack of services and infrastructure. Lower administrative and legal barriers may contribute to produce innovations that would not be possible under conditions of high density of regulation. We recommend using the term global innovation, which highlights those emanating from international partnership to solve problems of global implications

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千葉大学教育学部研究紀要. 第一部

Surveillance épidémiologique de la rage humaine dans un contexte d’endémie de rage canine en Cote d’Ivoire

International audienceThe objective of this study was to analyze the epidemiologic monitoring of human rabies in the rabies medical center of Abidjan.A cross-sectional study was undertaken based on files of patients having consulted in the rabies center after exposure and suspicion of human rabies between January 2001 and June 2009.Twenty-six cases of human rabies were reported in 10,706,136 inhabitants (annual incidence of 0.028 cases per 100,000). The number of detected cases increased considerably after reinforcing the monitoring of the disease. Most cases occurred in an urban environment and concerned both sexes. The most concerned age range was under 31 years. The patients' were mostly school children and housewives. In all cases, the rabid animal was a dog and the type of exposure was a bite. Fifty-six percent of the victims had not received any local treatment and almost all no post-exposure prophylaxis. The mean delay before the first symptoms was 49.5 days after exposure and for death, 4 days after the onset of symptoms. Virological diagnosis was made in four cases.In spite of the increase of cases observed since 2006, certainly due to reinforcement of the monitoring network, improvement is needed to assess the real incidence of rabies in the Ivory Coast

Impact de l'urbanisation sur l'indice plasmodique et les densités parasitaires chez les enfants de 0 à 5 ans dans la commune de Yopougon, Abidjan (Côte d'Ivoire)

From September 23-30, 2005, we conducted a cross-sectional study in six townships of Yopougon, a municipality of Abidjan. These townships were grouped in three levels of urbanization (village, precarious township, and residential township). The main objective of this survey was to determine the impact of urbanization on the malaria infection (parasite) rate and parasite density, and their consequences on the heterogeneity of malaria transmission in urban Abidjan. Specifically we compared these rates in all three urbanization levels, selecting two townships for each level to take environmental specificities observed from previous data into account. The study included 400 households per township. All children younger than 5 years in these households were included. Thick and thin blood smears were taken for each child on slides, and each slide was examined by microscope after staining. The malaria infection rate was 21.8%, indicating mesoendemic malaria. Its distribution varied significantly between the three urbanization levels. Malaria parasite densities also varied significantly between them. These results confirm the involvement of urbanization in the heterogeneity of malaria transmission in the city of Abidjan

Analyse comparative du profil épidémiologique et clinique de l'infection grippale due aux virus pH1N1(2009), H1N1, H3N2 et B à Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire

English Title: Comparative analysis of the epidemiological and clinical profiles of influenza infection due to 2009 pH1N1, H1N1, H3N2 and B viruses in Abidjan, Cote d'IvoireEnglish AbstractInfluenza can have various epidemiological and clinical characteristics. This study compares the epidemio-clinical profiles of influenza infections related to different viruses in the population of Abidjan. A review of surveillance data (2007-2010) on influenza was performed. We used Chi2 test to compare proportions and simple linear regression and sequential logistic regression models for prediction profiles on Stata 12 software. In tota1529 cases of influenza infection were recorded, including 60 cases of H1N1 (11.3% ), 177 cases ofH3N2 (33.5%), 34 cases of pH1N1 (6.4%) and258 cases of influenza B (48.8%). Fever prevailed  with H1N1 (76.1 %). The patients with pH1N1 were more likely to have cough (OR= 10.52, 95% CI: 1.713-64.575; versus H1N1) and to be from the age group of 5-14 years (OR= 3.10, 95% CI: 1.316-7.301; versus influenza B). For patients with influenza H3N2, cough (OR = 6.3, 95% CI: 2.466-16.347) and arthralgia/myalgia (OR= 2.54, 95% CI: 1.083-5.948) were the best predictors (versus influenza H1N1). The identification of specific profiles in our study can improve the method of diagnosis and surveillance of influenza.Keywords: Influenza Infection, epidemio-clinical profiles, Abidjan, Cote d'Ivoir

Chronic malnutrition among children under five years of age in the northern part of Côte d’Ivoire

info:eu-repo/semantics/publishe

Development of Monitoring and Evaluation Systems in Four National Programs Addressing Mother and Child Health in Cote d’Ivoire: Qualitative Analysis of the Emergence and Formulation Process

Esme Marie Laure Essis,1– 3 Wambi Maurice Evariste Yaméogo,4 Olivier Gbènamblo Sossa,5 Daouda Doukouré,1,2 Rachidatou Compaoré,4,6 Djoukou Olga Denise Kpebo,1,2,7 Marie Laurette Agbré-Yacé,1,2 Joseph Aka,1,7 Issiaka Tiembré,7,8 Blaise Sondo,4 Seni Kouanda4,6 1National Institute of Public Health, Abidjan, Cote d’Ivoire; 2Reproductive Health Research Unit of Cote d’Ivoire, Abidjan, Cote d’Ivoire; 3Doctoral School in Science, Health, and Technology, Saint Thomas Aquinas University, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso; 4African Institute of Public Health, Saint Thomas Aquinas University, Saaba, Burkina Faso; 5Department of Economics and Management, Thomas Sankara University, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso; 6Research Institute of Health Sciences, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso; 7Department of Public Health, Felix Houphouët Boigny University, Abidjan, Cote d’Ivoire; 8National Institute of Public Hygiene, Abidjan, Cote d’IvoireCorrespondence: Esme Marie Laure Essis, National Institute of Public Health, Abidjan, BP V 47, Cote d’Ivoire, Tel +225 07 07 88 72 13, Fax +225 20 22 44 02, Email [email protected]: Monitoring and evaluation were introduced into the management of national health programs to ensure that results were attained, and that donors’ funds were used transparently. This study aims to describe the process of the emergence and formulation of monitoring and evaluation (M&E) systems in national programs addressing maternal and child health in Cote d’Ivoire.Methods: We conducted a multilevel case study combining a qualitative investigation and a literature review. This study took place in the city of Abidjan, where in-depth interviews were conducted with twenty-four (24) former officials who served at the central level of the health system and with six (06) employees from the technical and financial partners’ agencies. A total of 31 interviews were conducted from January 10 to April 20, 2020. Data analysis was conducted according to the Kingdon conceptual framework modified by Lemieux and adapted by Ridde.Results: The introduction of M&E in national health programs was due to the will of the technical and financial partners and the political and technical decision-makers at the central level of the national health system, who were concerned with accountability and convincing results in these programs. However, its formulation through a top-down approach was sketchy and lacked content to guide its implementation and future evaluation in the absence of national expertise in M&E.Conclusion: The emergence of M&E systems in national health programs was originally endogenous and exogenous but strongly recommended by donors. Its formulation in the context of limited national expertise was marked by the absence of standards and guidelines that could codify the development of robust M&E systems.Keywords: monitoring and evaluation, emergence, formulation, health program, Africa, Cote d’Ivoir

Impact socio-économique du déversement de déchets toxiques à Abidjan en 2006 à l'échelle des ménages

In August 2006, toxic wastes were discharged in the district of Abidjan, causing important health consequences in many households in the area. In order to appreciate the socio-economic impact of the consequences of toxic waste discharge on the households and of the measures taken by the authorities to deal with this catastrophe, and to appreciate the spatial extent of the pollution, we undertook a multidisciplinary transversal investigation at the sites of discharge of toxic waste, from October the 19(th) to December the 8(th), 2006, using a transect sampling methodology. This paper presents the results related to the socio-economic aspects of the survey while the environmental and epidemiological results are presented in two other published papers. The socioeconomics investigation, conducted using a questionnaire, concerned 809 households across the various sites of discharge of toxic waste. More than 62% of households had at least one person who had been affected by toxic waste (affected households). 62.47% of these households were in Cocody district (with 2 sites and 4 points of discharge), 30.14% in Abobo district (with 2 sites and 3 points) and 7.39% in Koumassi district (with 1 site and 1 point). To escape the bad smell and the nuisance, 22.75% of the 501 'affected' households had left their houses. To face the health consequences generated by the toxic waste, 30.54% of the 'affected' households engaged expenses. Those were on average of 92 450 FCFA (141), with a minimum of 1 000 FCFA (1.5) and a maximum of 1500000 FCFA(2.287), in spite of the advertisement of the exemption from payment treatment fees made by the government. The decision of destroying cultures and farms near the points of discharge of the toxic products in a radius of 200 meters, taken by the authorities, touched 2.22% of the households. For these households, it did nothing but worsen their state of poverty, since the zone of influence of the toxic waste went well beyond the 200 meters prescribed by the authorities as the limit of the operations of destructio