110 research outputs found
Simultaneous Conversion of Polarization and Frequency via Time‐Division‐Multiplexing Metasurfaces
AbstractMetasurfaces are artificially engineered two‐dimensional materials composed of sub‐wavelength meta‐atoms, which have shown unprecedented capabilities in manipulating the amplitude, phase, frequency, and polarization states of electromagnetic waves. Specifically, polarization control can be attained via suitable anisotropic, linear, and time‐invariant designs, while frequency conversion is realized via nonlinear or time‐varying platforms. Simultaneous manipulations of polarization and frequency would be of considerable practical interest in many application scenarios, but remain unattainable with current approaches. Here, a time‐division‐multiplexing metasurface is proposed to realize the simultaneous conversion of polarization and frequency. The platform relies on time‐modulated polarization switches and, by varying the duty cycle and time delays of the polarization channels, can arbitrarily rotate the polarization at the central frequency of operation, and synthesize various polarization states at selected harmonic frequencies. Theoretical predictions are validated via measurements on a prototype operating at microwave frequencies, providing the first experimental evidence of simultaneous polarization and frequency conversions via time‐division‐multiplexing metasurfaces. The outcomes open a new pathway in manipulating the electromagnetic waves via time‐varying metasurfaces, and may be of interest for a broad variety of applications in scenarios ranging from polarization imaging to quantum optics
On Channel Reciprocity in Reconfigurable Intelligent Surface Assisted Wireless Network
Channel reciprocity greatly facilitates downlink precoding in time-division
duplexing (TDD) multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) communications without
the need for channel state information (CSI) feedback. Recently, reconfigurable
intelligent surfaces (RISs) emerge as a promising technology to enhance the
performance of future wireless networks. However, since the artificial
electromagnetic characteristics of RISs are not from the nature, it brings up a
question: does the channel reciprocity hold in RIS-assisted TDD wireless
networks? After briefly reviewing the reciprocity theorem, in this article, we
show that there still exists channel reciprocity for RIS-assisted wireless
networks satisfying certain conditions. We also experimentally demonstrate the
reciprocity at the sub-6 GHz and the millimeter-wave frequency bands by using
two fabricated RISs. Furthermore, we introduce several RIS-assisted approaches
to realizing nonreciprocal channels. Finally, potential opportunities brought
by reciprocal/nonreciprocal RISs and future research directions are outlined.Comment: In general, when the control signals applied to the unit cells remain
unchanged, commonly designed and fabricated RISs inherently obey the
reciprocity theorem. Nevertheless, there are several RIS-assisted approaches
to realizing nonreciprocal channels. Potential opportunities brought by
reciprocal/nonreciprocal RISs and future research directions are outline
Path Loss Modeling and Measurements for Reconfigurable Intelligent Surfaces in the Millimeter-Wave Frequency Band
Reconfigurable intelligent surfaces (RISs) provide an interface between the
electromagnetic world of wireless propagation environments and the digital
world of information science. Simple yet sufficiently accurate path loss models
for RISs are an important basis for theoretical analysis and optimization of
RIS-assisted wireless communication systems. In this paper, we refine our
previously proposed free-space path loss model for RISs to make it simpler,
more applicable, and easier to use. The impact of the antenna's directivity of
the transmitter, receiver, and the unit cells of the RIS on the path loss is
explicitly formulated as an angle-dependent loss factor. The refined model
gives more accurate estimates of the path loss of RISs comprised of unit cells
with a deep sub-wavelength size. Based on the proposed model, the properties of
a single unit cell are evaluated in terms of scattering performance, power
consumption, and area, which allows us to unveil fundamental considerations for
deploying RISs in high frequency bands. Two fabricated RISs operating in the
millimeter-wave (mmWave) band are utilized to carry out a measurement campaign.
The measurement results are shown to be in good agreement with the proposed
path loss model. In addition, the experimental results suggest an effective
form to characterize the power radiation pattern of the unit cell for path loss
modeling.Comment: Model refinements are introduced to previously proposed free-space
path loss model for RISs in order to make it simpler and easier to use. The
properties of a single unit cell are evaluated in terms of scattering
performance, power, and area, as it is the basic element of an RIS. We report
the world's first measurement campaign in the mmWave frequency band to
validate the path loss model for RIS
MIMO Transmission through Reconfigurable Intelligent Surface: System Design, Analysis, and Implementation
Reconfigurable intelligent surface (RIS) is a new paradigm that has great
potential to achieve cost-effective, energy-efficient information modulation
for wireless transmission, by the ability to change the reflection coefficients
of the unit cells of a programmable metasurface. Nevertheless, the
electromagnetic responses of the RISs are usually only phase-adjustable, which
considerably limits the achievable rate of RIS-based transmitters. In this
paper, we propose an RIS architecture to achieve amplitude-and-phase-varying
modulation, which facilitates the design of multiple-input multiple-output
(MIMO) quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) transmission. The hardware
constraints of the RIS and their impacts on the system design are discussed and
analyzed. Furthermore, the proposed approach is evaluated using our prototype
which implements the RIS-based MIMO-QAM transmission over the air in real time.Comment: This paper aims to investigate the feasibility of using RIS for MIMO
wireless transmission for higher-order modulation by presenting an analytical
modeling of the RIS-based system and providing experimental results from a
prototype which has been buil
Genome-wide gene phylogeny of CIPK family in cassava and expression analysis of partial drought-induced genes
Cassava is an important food and potential biofuel crop that is tolerant to multiple abiotic stressors. The mechanisms underlying these tolerances are currently less known. CBL-interacting protein kinases (CIPKs) have been shown to play crucial roles in plant developmental processes, hormone signaling transduction, and in the response to abiotic stress. However, no data is currently available about the CPK family in cassava. In this study, a total of 25 CIPK genes were identified from cassava genome based on our previous genome sequencing data. Phylogenetic analysis suggested that 25 MeCIPKs could be classified into four subfamilies, which was supported by exon-intron organizations and the architectures of conserved protein motifs. Transcriptomic analysis of a wild subspecies and two cultivated varieties showed that most MeCIPKs had different expression patterns between wild subspecies and cultivatars in different tissues or in response to drought stress. Some orthologous genes involved in CIPK interaction networks were identified between Arabidopsis and cassava. The interaction networks and co-expression patterns of these orthologous genes revealed that the crucial pathways controlled by CIPK networks may be involved in the differential response to drought stress in different accessions of cassava. Nine MeCIPK genes were selected to investigate their transcriptional response to various stimuli and the results showed the comprehensive response of the tested MeCIPK genes to osmotic, salt, cold, oxidative stressors, and ABA signaling. The identification and expression analysis of CIPK family suggested that CIPK genes are important components of development and multiple signal transduction pathways in cassava. The findings of this study will help lay a foundation for the functional characterization of the CIPK gene family and provide an improved understanding of abiotic stress responses and signaling transduction in cassava
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