Spice up Your Chat: The Intentions and Sentiment Effects of Using Emoji

Emojis, as a new way of conveying nonverbal cues, are widely adopted in computer-mediated communications. In this paper, first from a message sender perspective, we focus on people's motives in using four types of emojis -- positive, neutral, negative, and non-facial. We compare the willingness levels of using these emoji types for seven typical intentions that people usually apply nonverbal cues for in communication. The results of extensive statistical hypothesis tests not only report the popularities of the intentions, but also uncover the subtle differences between emoji types in terms of intended uses. Second, from a perspective of message recipients, we further study the sentiment effects of emojis, as well as their duplications, on verbal messages. Different from previous studies in emoji sentiment, we study the sentiments of emojis and their contexts as a whole. The experiment results indicate that the powers of conveying sentiment are different between four emoji types, and the sentiment effects of emojis vary in the contexts of different valences.Comment: 10 pages, published at ICWSM'1

Preface to the Special Issue on Modeling and Data Analysis Methods for the SMILE mission

The SMILE (Solar wind Magnetosphere Ionosphere Link Explorer) project (http://www.nssc.cas.cn/smile/, https://www.cosmos.esa.int/web/smile/mission) is a joint spacecraft mission of the European Space Agency (ESA) and the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) with an expected launch in 2025. SMILE aims to study the global interactions of solar wind–magnetosphere–ionosphere innovatively by imaging the Earth’s magnetosheath and cusps in soft X-rays and the northern auroral region in ultraviolet (UV) while simultaneously measuring plasma and magnetic field parameters in the solar wind and magnetosheath along a highly-elliptical and highly-inclined orbit. This special issue is composed of 22 articles, presenting recent progress in modeling and data analysis techniques developed for the SMILE mission. In this preface, we categorize the articles into the following seven topics and provide brief summaries: (1) instrument descriptions of the Soft X-ray Imager (SXI), (2) numerical modeling of the X-ray signals, (3) data processing of the X-ray images, (4) boundary tracing methods from the simulated images, (5) physical phenomena and a mission concept related to the scientific goals of SMILE-SXI, (6) studies of the aurora, and (7) ground-based support for SMILE

Using restored two-dimensional X-ray images to reconstruct the three-dimensional magnetopause

Astronomical imaging technologies are basic tools for the exploration of the universe, providing basic data for the research of astronomy and space physics. The Soft X-ray Imager (SXI) carried by the Solar wind Magnetosphere Ionosphere Link Explorer (SMILE) aims to capture two-dimensional (2-D) images of the Earth’s magnetosheath by using soft X-ray imaging. However, the observed 2-D images are affected by many noise factors, destroying the contained information, which is not conducive to the subsequent reconstruction of the three-dimensional (3-D) structure of the magnetopause. The analysis of SXI-simulated observation images shows that such damage cannot be evaluated with traditional restoration models. This makes it difficult to establish the mapping relationship between SXI-simulated observation images and target images by using mathematical models. We propose an image restoration algorithm for SXI-simulated observation images that can recover large-scale structure information on the magnetosphere. The idea is to train a patch estimator by selecting noise–clean patch pairs with the same distribution through the Classification–Expectation Maximization algorithm to achieve the restoration estimation of the SXI-simulated observation image, whose mapping relationship with the target image is established by the patch estimator. The Classification–Expectation Maximization algorithm is used to select multiple patch clusters with the same distribution and then train different patch estimators so as to improve the accuracy of the estimator. Experimental results showed that our image restoration algorithm is superior to other classical image restoration algorithms in the SXI-simulated observation image restoration task, according to the peak signal-to-noise ratio and structural similarity. The restoration results of SXI-simulated observation images are used in the tangent fitting approach and the computed tomography approach toward magnetospheric reconstruction techniques, significantly improving the reconstruction results. Hence, the proposed technology may be feasible for processing SXI-simulated observation images

Tomographic reconstruction of the Earth’s magnetosheath from multiple spacecraft: a theoretical study

Following our earlier work on tomographic reconstruction of the magnetosheath soft X-ray emissions with superposed epoch analysis of many images recorded from a single spacecraft we now explore the instantaneous reconstruction of the magnetosheath and magnetopause using a few images recorded simultaneously from a few spacecraft. This workis motivated by the prospect of possibly having two or three soft X-ray imagers in spacein the coming years, and that many phenomena which occur at the magnetopause boundary, such as reconnection events and pressure pulse responses, do not lend themselvesas well to superposed epoch analysis. If the reconstruction is successful — which we demonstrate in this paper that it can be — this collection of imagers can be used to reconstructthe magnetosheath and magnetopause from a single image from each spacecraft, allowing for high time resolution reconstructions. In this paper we explore the reconstruction using, two, three, and four spacecraft. We show that the location of the subsolar pointof the magnetopause can be determined with just two satellites, and that volume emissions of soft X-rays, and the shape of the boundary, can be reconstructed using three or more satellites

Two methods for separating the magnetospheric solar wind charge exchange soft X-ray emission from the diffuse X-ray background

Solar wind charge exchange (SWCX) is the process of solar wind high-valence ions exchanging charges with neutral components and generating soft X-rays. Recently, detecting the SWCX emission from the magnetosphere is proposed as a new technique to study the magnetosphere using panoramic soft X-ray imaging. To better prepare for the data analysis of upcoming magnetospheric soft X-ray imaging missions, this paper compares the magnetospheric SWCX emission obtained by two methods in an XMM-Newton observation, during which the solar wind changed dramatically. The two methods differ in the data used to fit the diffuse X-ray background (DXB) parameters in spectral analysis. The method adding data from the ROSAT All-Sky Survey (RASS) is called the RASS method. The method using the quiet observation data is called the Quiet method, where quiet observations usually refer to observations made by the same satellite with the same target but under weaker solar wind conditions. Results show that the spectral compositions of magnetospheric SWCX emission obtained by the two methods are very similar, and the changes in intensity over time are highly consistent, although the intensity obtained by the RASS method is about \begin{document}$2.68\,\pm\, 0.56$\end{document} keV \begin{document}${\rm{cm}}^{-2} {\rm{s}}^{-1} {\rm{sr}}^{-1}$\end{document} higher than that obtained by the Quiet method. Since the DXB intensity obtained by the RASS method is about \begin{document}$2.84\,\pm\, 0.74$\end{document} keV \begin{document}${\rm{ cm}}^{-2} {\rm{s}}^{-1} {\rm{sr}}^{-1}$\end{document} lower than that obtained by the Quiet method, and the linear correlation coefficient between the difference of SWCX and DXB obtained by the two methods in different energy band is close to −1, the differences in magnetospheric SWCX can be fully attributed to the differences in the fitted DXB. The difference between the two methods is most significant when the energy is less than 0.7 keV, which is also the main energy band of SWCX emission. In addition, the difference between the two methods is not related to the SWCX intensity and, to some extent, to solar wind conditions, because SWCX intensity typically varies with the solar wind. In summary, both methods are robust and reliable, and should be considered based on the best available options

Global hybrid simulations of soft X-ray emissions in the Earth’s magnetosheath

Earth’s magnetopause is a thin boundary separating the shocked solar wind plasma from the magnetospheric plasmas, and it is also the boundary of the solar wind energy transport to the magnetosphere. Soft X-ray imaging allows investigation of the large-scale magnetopause by providing a two-dimensional (2-D) global view from a satellite. By performing 3-D global hybrid-particle-in-cell (hybrid-PIC) simulations, we obtain soft X-ray images of Earth’s magnetopause under different solar wind conditions, such as different plasma densities and directions of the southward interplanetary magnetic field. In all cases, magnetic reconnection occurs at low latitude magnetopause. The soft X-ray images observed by a hypothetical satellite are shown, with all of the following identified: the boundary of the magnetopause, the cusps, and the magnetosheath. Local X-ray emissivity in the magnetosheath is characterized by large amplitude fluctuations (up to 160%); however, the maximum line-of-sight-integrated X-ray intensity matches the tangent directions of the magnetopause well, indicating that these fluctuations have limited impact on identifying the magnetopause boundary in the X-ray images. Moreover, the magnetopause boundary can be identified using multiple viewing geometries. We also find that solar wind conditions have little effect on the magnetopause identification. The Solar wind Magnetosphere Ionosphere Link Explorer (SMILE) mission will provide X-ray images of the magnetopause for the first time, and our global hybrid-PIC simulation results can help better understand the 2-D X-ray images of the magnetopause from a 3-D perspective, with particle kinetic effects considered

Analysis of the joint detection capability of the SMILE satellite and EISCAT-3D radar

The Solar wind Magnetosphere Ionosphere Link Explorer (SMILE) satellite is a small magnetosphere–ionosphere link explorer developed cooperatively between China and Europe. It pioneers the use of X-ray imaging technology to perform large-scale imaging of the Earth’s magnetosheath and polar cusp regions. It uses a high-precision ultraviolet imager to image the overall configuration of the aurora and monitor changes in the source of solar wind in real time, using in situ detection instruments to improve human understanding of the relationship between solar activity and changes in the Earth’s magnetic field. The SMILE satellite is scheduled to launch in 2025. The European Incoherent Scatter Sciences Association (EISCAT)-3D radar is a new generation of European incoherent scatter radar constructed by EISCAT and is the most advanced ground-based ionospheric experimental device in the high-latitude polar region. It has multibeam and multidirectional quasi-real-time three-dimensional (3D) imaging capabilities, continuous monitoring and operation capabilities, and multiple-baseline interferometry capabilities. Joint detection by the SMILE satellite and the EISCAT-3D radar is of great significance for revealing the coupling process of the solar wind–magnetosphere–ionosphere. Therefore, we performed an analysis of the joint detection capability of the SMILE satellite and EISCAT-3D, analyzed the period during which the two can perform joint detection, and defined the key scientific problems that can be solved by joint detection. In addition, we developed Web-based software to search for and visualize the joint detection period of the SMILE satellite and EISCAT-3D radar, which lays the foundation for subsequent joint detection experiments and scientific research

Oleic Acid Exhibits Anti-Proliferative and Anti-Invasive Activities via the PTEN/AKT/mTOR Pathway in Endometrial Cancer

Reprogramming of fatty acid metabolism promotes cell growth and metastasis through a variety of processes that stimulate signaling molecules, energy storage, and membrane biosynthesis in endometrial cancer. Oleic acid is one of the most important monounsaturated fatty acids in the human body, which appears to have both pro- and anti-tumorigenic activities in various pre-clinical models. In this study, we evaluated the potential anti-tumor effects of oleic acid in endometrial cancer cells and the LKB1fl/flp53fl/fl mouse model of endometrial cancer. Oleic acid increased lipogenesis, inhibited cell proliferation, caused cell cycle G1 arrest, induced cellular stress and apoptosis, and suppressed invasion in endometrial cancer cells. Targeting of diacylglycerol acyltransferases 1 and 2 effectively increased the cytotoxicity of oleic acid. Moreover, oleic acid significantly increased the expression of wild-type PTEN, and knockdown of PTEN by shRNA partially reversed the anti-proliferative and anti-invasive effects of oleic acid. Inhibition of the AKT/mTOR pathway by ipatasertib effectively increased the anti-tumor activity of oleic acid in endometrial cancer cells. Oleic acid treatment (10 mg/kg, daily, oral) for four weeks significantly inhibited tumor growth by 52.1% in the LKB1fl/flp53fl/fl mice. Our findings demonstrated that oleic acid exhibited anti-tumorigenic activities, dependent on the PTEN/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway, in endometrial cancer