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R134a flow boiling heat transfer in small diameter tubes
Copyright @ 2007 RT Edwards Inc.Boiling heat transfer in small diameter tubes has been experimentally investigated using R134a as the working fluid. The heat transfer periments were conducted with two stainless steel tubes of internal diameter 4.26 mm and 2.01 mm respectively. Other parameters were varied in the range: mass flux 100 – 500 kg/m2s; pressure 8 – 14 bar; quality up to 0.9; heat flux 13 - 150 kW/m2. The heat transfer coefficient was found to be independent of vapour quality when the quality was less than about 40% to 50% for the 4.26 mm tube and 20% to 30 % for the 2.01 mm tube. Above these quality values, the heat transfer coefficient decreases with vapour quality. Furthermore, at high heat flux values this decrease occurs for the entire quality range. The heat transfer rates were compared with existing correlations.
Improved thermal performance of a large laminated lithium-ion power battery by reciprocating air flow
The file attached to this record is the author's final peer reviewed version. The Publisher's final version can be found by following the DOI link.Thermal safety issues are increasingly critical for large-size laminated Lithium-Ion Batteries (LIBs). Despite a number of investigations conducted on the Battery Thermal Management System (BTMS) with reciprocating air-flow cooling, large laminated power LIBs are still not sufficiently investigated, particularly in the view of battery thermal characteristics. The present study investigates the thermal behaviors of an air-cooled NCM-type LIB (LiNi1−x−yCoxMnyO2 as cathode) from an experimental and systematic approach. The temperature distribution was acquired from different Depth of Discharge (DOD) by the infrared imaging (IR) technology. A reciprocating air-flow cooling method was proposed to restrict the temperature fluctuation and homogenize temperature distribution. Results showed that there was a remarkable temperature distribution phenomenon during the discharge process, the temperature distribution was affected by direction of air-flow. Forward air-flow (from current collector side to lower part of battery) was always recommended at the beginning of the discharge due to the thermal characteristics of the battery. After comprehensive consideration on battery temperature limit and cooling effect, the desired initial reversing timing was about 50% DOD at 3 C discharge rate. Different reversing strategies were investigated including isochronous cycles and aperiodic cycles. It was found that the temperature non-uniformity caused by heat accumulation and concentration was mitigated by reciprocating air-flow with optimized reversing strategy
Infrared imaging investigation of temperature fluctuation and spatial distribution for a large laminated lithium ion power battery
The file attached to this record is the author's final peer reviewed version. The Publisher's final version can be found by following the DOI link.The present study investigates the thermal behaviors of a naturally cooled NCM-type LIB (LiNi1−x−yCoxMnyO2 as cathode) from an experimental and systematic approach. The temperature distribution was acquired for different discharge rates and Depth of Discharge (DOD) by the infrared imaging (IR) technology. Two new factors, the temperature variance ( ) and local overheating index (LOH index), were proposed to assess the temperature fluctuation and distribution. Results showed that the heat generation rate was higher on the cathode side than that on the anode side due to the different resistivity of current collectors. For a low-power discharge, the eventual stable high-temperature zone occurred in the center of the battery, while with a high-power discharge, the upper part of the battery was the high temperature region from the very beginning of discharge. It was found that the temperature variance ( ) and local overheating index (LOH index) were capable of holistically exhibiting the temperature non-uniformity both on numerical fluctuation and spatial distribution with varying discharge rates and DOD. With increasing the discharge rate and DOD, temperature distribution showed an increasingly non-uniform trend, especially at the initial and final stage of high-power discharge, the heat accumulation and concentration area increased rapidly
Radiance and Doppler shift distributions across the network of the quiet Sun
The radiance and Doppler-shift distributions across the solar network provide
observational constraints of two-dimensional modeling of transition-region
emission and flows in coronal funnels. Two different methods, dispersion plots
and average-profile studies, were applied to investigate these distributions.
In the dispersion plots, we divided the entire scanned region into a bright and
a dark part according to an image of Fe xii; we plotted intensities and Doppler
shifts in each bin as determined according to a filtered intensity of Si ii. We
also studied the difference in height variations of the magnetic field as
extrapolated from the MDI magnetogram, in and outside network. For the
average-profile study, we selected 74 individual cases and derived the average
profiles of intensities and Doppler shifts across the network. The dispersion
plots reveal that the intensities of Si ii and C iv increase from network
boundary to network center in both parts. However, the intensity of Ne viii
shows different trends, namely increasing in the bright part and decreasing in
the dark part. In both parts, the Doppler shift of C iv increases steadily from
internetwork to network center. The average-profile study reveals that the
intensities of the three lines all decline from the network center to
internetwork region. The binned intensities of Si ii and Ne viii have a good
correlation. We also find that the large blue shift of Ne viii does not
coincide with large red shift of C iv. Our results suggest that the network
structure is still prominent at the layer where Ne viii is formed in the quiet
Sun, and that the magnetic structures expand more strongly in the dark part
than in the bright part of this quiet Sun region.Comment: 10 pages,9 figure
A review of thermal performance in multiple evaporators loop heat pipe
The file attached to this record is the author's final peer reviewed version. The Publisher's final version can be found by following the DOI link.Multi-evaporator loop heat pipe (ME-LHP), as one of the typical two-phase closed capillary circulation systems, exhibits tremendous potential in applications which involve high heat flux and multi-heat sources, and is especially attractive to spacecraft and electronics packaging thermal control. This paper provides a comprehensive review of ME-LHP research and developments for the past 20 years covering four aspects: design theory, mathematical models, steady-state operational performance and start-up performance. ME-LHP design theory contains three key problems including the number limit for evaporators, sizing of the compensation chamber (CC) and calculation of the working fluid charge. Three peculiar features in steady performance have been discussed, which are the heat load sharing feature, the control rules of the operation temperature among multiple CCs, and the capillary limit of ME-LHP. Two influencing factors of start-up performance have been taken into account, including the required superheat on ME-LHP start-up and the initial fluid distribution in evaporators
A study of the problems associated with Dalangdian reservoir, China
There are over 2,300 lakes over 1 km2 in China (total area 80 000 km2). In addition there are approximately 87 000 reservoirs with a storage capacity of 413 billion m3. These form the main supply of drinking water as well as water for industrial and agricultural production and aquaculture. Because of a lack of understanding of the frailty of lake ecosystems and poor environmental awareness, human activities have greatly affected freshwater systems. This article focuses on the problems of one water supply reservoir, Dalangdian Reservoir, and considers options for improving its management. Dalangdian Reservoir is described and occurrence of algal genera given. The authors conclude with remarks on the future of the Dalangdian Reservoir
Nonleptonic two-body charmless B decays involving a tensor meson in the Perturbative QCD Approach
Two-body charmless hadronic B decays involving a light tensor meson in the
final states are studied in the perturbative QCD approach based on
factorization. From our calculations, we find that the decay branching ratios
for color allowed tree-dominated decays and modes are of order and , respectively.
While other color suppressed tree-dominated decays have very small branching
ratios. In general, the branching ratios of most decays are in the range of
to , which are bigger by one or two orders of magnitude than
those predictions obtained in Isgur-Scora-Grinstein-Wise II model and in the
covariant light-front approach, but consistent with the recent experimental
measurements and the QCD factorization calculations. Since the decays with a
tensor meson emitted from vacuum are prohibited in naive factorization, the
contributions of nonfactorizable and annihilation diagrams are very important
to these decays, which are calculable in our perturbative QCD approach. We also
give predictions to the direct CP asymmetries, some of which are large enough
for the future experiments to measure. Because we considered the mixing between
and , the decay rates are enhanced significantly for some
decays involving meson, even with a small mixing angle.Comment: 26 pages, 2 figure
A Note on the Generalization of the GEMS Approach
This paper is a supplement of our earlier work JHEP 0410 (2004)
011[gr-qc/0409107].We map the vector potential of charged black holes into GEMS
and find that its effect on the thermal spectrum is the same as that on the
black hole side, i.e., it will induce a chemical potential in the thermal
spectrum which is the same as that in the charged black holes.We also argue
that the generalization of GEMS approach to non-stationary motions is not
possible.Comment: Latex file, 10 pages, no figure; v2: minor corrections; v3: revised
with title changed, one new section added and references adde
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