Cellular interplay in pulmonary arterial hypertension: Implications for new therapies

AbstractPulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a complex and multifactorial disease characterized by vascular remodeling, vasoconstriction, inflammation and thrombosis. Although the available therapies have resulted in improvements in morbidity and survival, PAH remains a severe and devastating disease with a poor prognosis and a high mortality, justifying the need of novel therapeutic targets. An increasing number of studies have demonstrated that endothelial cells (ECs), smooth muscle cells (SMCs) and fibroblasts of the pulmonary vessel wall, as well as platelets and inflammatory cells have a role in PAH pathogenesis. This review aims to integrate the interplay among different types of cells, during PAH development and progression, and the impact of current therapies in cellular modulation. The interplay among endothelial cells, smooth muscle cells and fibroblasts present in pulmonary vessels wall, platelets and inflammatory cells is regulated by several mediators produced by these cells, contributing to the pathophysiologic features of PAH. Current therapies are mainly focused in the pulmonary vascular tone and in the endothelial dysfunction. However, once they have not been effective, novel therapies targeting other PAH features, such as inflammation and platelet dysfunction are emerging. Further understanding of the interplay among different vascular cell types involved in PAH development and progression can contribute to find novel therapeutic targets, decreasing PAH mortality and morbidity in the future

Aprendizagem baseada na resolução de problemas: impacto no desenvolvimento do pensamento crítico

Este estudo quase experimental estuda o impacto da aprendizagem baseada na resolução de problemas (ABRP) nos resultados dos alunos em testes de avaliação sumativa e no desenvolvimento de capacidades dos alunos relacionadas com o pensamento crítico. Analisou, quantitativamente, o(s) efeito(s) desta es- tratégia pedagógica recorrendo à taxonomia SOLO (Biggs & Collis, 1982). Parti- ciparam alunos de duas turmas do 9.o ano de escolaridade (n=36), divididos em 2 grupos, controlo e experimental, tendo sido aplicado um pré e pós-teste para avaliação de conhecimentos, bem como um questionário ao grupo experimen- tal sobre a sua perceção dos impactos desta estratégia na sua aprendizagem. Da análise quantitativa dos resultados obtidos concluiu-se que a ABRP tem um impacto estatisticamente significativo na melhoria dos resultados sumativos obtidos (p= 0,0256, Cohen ́s d= 0,8029), principalmente nas questões de resolução de problemas, ligadas a capacidades cognitivas superiores dos alunos, não apresentando, no entanto, impacto estatisticamente significativo na res- posta a questões relacionadas com capacidades cognitivas básicas dos alunos. A análise de um inquérito aos alunos do grupo experimental aponta para um impacto positivo no desenvolvimento da reflexão e metacognição dos alunos, bem como um elevado nível de satisfação com a metodologia aplicada em aula. Palavras-Chave: pensamento crítico; aprendizagem baseada na resolução de problemas; taxo- nomia SOLO; educação; geografia

Pectus Carinatum Evaluation Questionnaire (PCEQ): a novel tool to improve the follow-up in patients treated with brace compression

A questionnaire (Pectus Carinatum Evaluation Questionnaire, PCEQ) was developed to be applied in follow-up of patients with Pectus Carinatum (PC). After validation of the PCEQ, we aimed to quantify the compliance to brace compression and to assess factors that could influence this treatment in patients with PC. From July 2008 to July 2014, 56 patients with PC were treated with the Calgary Protocol of compressive bracing at Paediatric Surgery Department of Hospital So Joo. Forty patients (71%) completed the questionnaire. The PCEQ was divided into four sections: (i) compliance; (ii) symptoms; (iii) social influence; (iv) activities. For the validation process of the PCEQ, principal components analysis (PCA), orthogonal varimax or oblimin rotation and Cronbach's alpha coefficient were used. To evaluate the association between compliance and other sections of the questionnaire, we estimated the Pearson's correlation between compliance factor scores ('Compliance Days' and 'Compliance Hours') and the final score of each new questionnaire component identified by PCA ('Chest Pain', 'Dyspnoea', 'Back Pain', 'Parents' Influence', 'Friends' Influence', 'Activities', 'Time To Compliance'). For the sections 'Symptoms', 'Social Influence' and 'Activities', we estimated final scores as the sum of the questions that constitute each component. For the section 'Compliance', the factor scores were estimated by the regression method. After PCA analysis, the PCEQ found nine different components with high reliability. When analysing the compliance of our study group, the final score for 'Activities' revealed a significant correlation with the factor score for 'Compliance Hours' (r = 0.382, P = 0.015). The final score for 'Time To Compliance' showed a significant correlation with both factor scores for 'Compliance Hours' (r = -0.765, P < 0.001) and 'Compliance Days' (r = -0.345, P < 0.029). The PCEQ seems to be an important tool to follow up patients with PC treated by brace compression. Practical steps, such as developing a tight schedule in the early follow-up period or applying the PCEQ in first visits after initiating brace therapy, can be taken in order to increase compliance with brace therapy and improve the quality of life.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Transthoracic single port with peroral assistance : an animal experiment to assess a less invasive technique for human esophageal atresia repair

Prova tipográfica.Thoracoscopic repair of esophageal atresia has becoming the gold standard in many centers since it allows a better cosmetic result and avoids the musculoskeletal sequelae of a thoracotomy. Natural Orifices Transluminal Endocopic Surgery (NOTES) is a new surgical paradigm and its human application was already started in some procedures. In the present study, we explore the feasibility to perform an esophago-esophageal anastomosis using a single transthoracic single port combined with a peroral access in a rabbit model to simulate repair of esophageal atresia by hybrid NOTES in a human newborn. Adult male rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus, n=28) were utilized to perform the surgical protocol. We used a transthoracic telescope with a 3 mm working channel and a flexible endoscope with a 2.2 mm working channel by peroral access. We performed total esophagotomy with peroral scissors followed by an esophago-esophageal anastomosis achieved with rigid transthoracic scope helped by peroral operator. Extracorporeal transthoracic knots were performed to complete anastomosis. The anastomoses were examined in loco and ex loco, after animal sacrifice. We successfully accomplished a complete esophageal anastomosis in all rabbits using a combination of transthoracic and peroral 3mm instruments. This study provides important insights for a possible translation of hybrid NOTES to human newborns with esophageal atresia. Forward studies to accomplish their feasibility in human newborns will still be necessary.2010 IPEG Research Gran

Sparing internal thoracic vessels in thoracoscopic or submuscular correction of pectus carinatum: a porcine model study

Supplementary data to this article can be found online at http://dx. doi.org/10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2015.07.023.Background: External compression is used for pectus carinatum (PC) treatment, but many patients are noncompliant. Costal cartilage resection (CCR) has been described as an alternative, but these approaches sacrifice the internal thoracic arteries (ITA). We aim to assess the feasibility of CCR sparing ITA comparing thoracoscopic and subcutaneous endoscopic approaches. Methods: Twelve pigs were used as models for surgical PC correction and randomized for 2 groups: thoracoscopy (T) and subcutaneous (subpectoralis) endoscopy (SP). In both groups, CCR from 3rd 4th and 5th ribs was performed avoiding ITA damage. ITA preservation was confirmed by Doppler-ultrasound as well as postmortem injection of methylene blue. Four persons evaluated the procedures being difficult, using a 6-item modified validated scale. Results: In both techniques, the procedure was accomplished in all animals sparing ITAs. CCR was faster in T than in SP (49 +/- 5 vs. 65 +/- 16 minutes, p < 0.05). T was classified as easier than SP (p < 0.001) with a significantly higher score for all items, especially better image and tissue handling. Discussion: Sparing the ITAs during CCR for correction of PC is feasible in a porcine model and might be a goal in humans. The thoracoscopic approach allows for a faster and easier procedure.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Variáveis jurídicas e de saúde no deferimento de liminares por medicamentos em Minas Gerais

OBJECTIVE To investigate the factors related to the granting of preliminary court orders [injunctions] in drug litigations. METHODS A retrospective descriptive study of drug lawsuits in the State of Minas Gerais, Southeastern Brazil, was conducted from October 1999 to 2009. The database consists of 6,112 lawsuits, out of which 6,044 had motions for injunctions and 5,167 included the requisition of drugs. Those with more than one beneficiary were excluded, which totaled 5,072 examined suits. The variables for complete, partial, and suppressed motions were treated as dependent and assessed in relation to those that were independent – lawsuits (year, type, legal representation, defendant, court in which it was filed, adjudication time), drugs (level five of the anatomical therapeutic chemical classification), and diseases (chapter of the International Classification of Diseases). Statistical analyses were performed using the Chi-square test. RESULTS Out of the 5,072 lawsuits with injunctions, 4,184 (82.5%) had the injunctions granted. Granting varied from 95.8% of the total lawsuits in 2004 to 76.9% in 2008. Where there was legal representation, granting exceeded 80.0% and in lawsuits without representation, it did not exceed 66.9%. In public civil actions (89.1%), granting was higher relative to ordinary lawsuits (82.8%) and injunctions (80.1%). Federal courts granted only 68.6% of the injunctions, while the state courts granted 84.8%. Diseases of the digestive system and neoplasms received up to 87.0% in granting, while diseases of the nervous system, mental and behavioral disorders, and diseases of the skin and subcutaneous tissue received granting below 78.6% and showed a high proportion of suspended injunctions (10.9%). Injunctions involving paroxetine, somatropin, and ferrous sulfate drugs were all granted, while less than 54.0% of those involving escitalopram, sodium diclofenac, and nortriptyline were granted. CONCLUSIONS There are significant differences in the granting of injunctions, depending on the procedural and clinical variances. Important trends in the pattern of judicial action were observed, particularly, in the reduced granting [of injunctions] over the period.OBJETIVO Investigar fatores relacionados ao deferimento de liminares por medicamentos. MÉTODOS Estudo descritivo retrospectivo dos processos judiciais por medicamentos em Minas Gerais, de outubro de 1999 a 2009. A base de dados, constituída por 6.112 ações judiciais, teve 6.044 com pedido de liminar e 5.167 com requisição de medicamentos. Foram excluídas as ações que continham mais de um beneficiário, totalizando 5.072 ações analisadas. As variáveis deferimento total, parcial e suspensão foram tratadas como dependentes e avaliadas em relação às independentes: processo (ano, tipo de ação, representação judicial, réu, justiça de ajuizamento, tempo de decisão judicial), medicamentos (nível 5 da Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical) e doença (por capítulo da Classificação Internacional de Doenças. As análises estatísticas foram realizadas pelo teste Qui-quadrado. RESULTADOS Dentre as 5.072 ações com liminares, 4.184 (82,5%) foram deferidas. O deferimento variou de 95,8% em 2004 a 76,9% em 2008. Quando houve representação judicial, o deferimento superou 80,0%; nas ações sem representação, não ultrapassou 66,9%. Nas ações civis públicas (89,1%) o deferimento foi superior ao verificado em ações ordinárias (82,8%) e nos mandados de segurança (80,1%). A Justiça Federal deferiu apenas 68,6% das liminares, contra 84,8% da Justiça Estadual. Doenças do aparelho digestivo e neoplasias apresentaram deferimento acima de 87,0%, enquanto doenças do sistema nervoso, transtornos mentais e comportamentais e doenças da pele e do tecido celular subcutâneo tiveram deferimento inferior a 78,6% e apresentaram elevada proporção de liminares suspensas (10,9%). Os fármacos paroxetina, somatropina e sulfato ferroso tiveram 100% de deferimento. Escitalopram, diclofenaco de sódio e nortriptilina obtiveram deferimento inferior a 54,0%. CONCLUSÕES Há diferença significativa no deferimento das liminares a partir de variáveis processuais e clínicas. Tendências importantes no padrão de atuação judicial foram observadas, particularmente a redução do deferimento ao longo do período

Cystic adenomatoid malformations are induced by localized FGF10 overexpression in fetal rat lung

Fibroblast growth factor-10 (FGF10) is a mesenchymal growth factor, involved in epithelial and mesenchymal interactions during lung branching morphogenesis. In the present work, FGF10 overexpression was transiently induced in a temporally and spatially restricted manner, during the pseudoglandular or canalicular stages of rat lung development, by trans-uterine ultrasound-guided intraparenchymal microinjections of adenoviral vector encoding the rfgf10 transgene. The morphologic and histologic classification of the resulting malformations were dependent upon developmental stage and location. Overexpression of FGF10 restricted to the proximal tracheobronchial tree during the pseudoglandular phase resulted in large cysts lined by tall columnar epithelium composed primarily of Clara cells with a paucity of Type II pneumocytes, resembling bronchiolar type epithelium. In contrast, FGF10 overexpression in the distal lung parenchyma during the canalicular phase resulted in small cysts lined by cuboidal epithelial cells composed of primarily Type II pneumocytes resembling acinar epithelial differentiation. The cystic malformations induced by FGF10 overexpression appear to closely recapitulate the morphology and histology of the spectrum of human congenital cystic adenomatoid malformation (CCAM). These findings support a role for FGF10 in the induction of human CCAM and provide further mechanistic insight into the role of FGF10 in normal and abnormal lung development.This project was in part funded by proceeds from the Ruth and Tristram C. Colket Jr. Chair in Pediatric Surgery (A.W.F.), and the Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia (POCI/SAUOBS/56428/2004). S.G. was supported by FCT grant ref. SFRH/BD/15260/2004

Finite element analysis of pectus carinatum surgical correction via a minimally invasive approach

Pectus carinatum (PC) is a chest deformity caused by a disproportionate growth of the costal cartilages compared to the bony thoracic skeleton, pulling the sternum towards, which leads to its protrusion. There has been a growing interest on using the 'reversed Nuss' technique as a minimally invasive procedure for PC surgical correction. A corrective bar is introduced between the skin and the thoracic cage and positioned on top of the sternum highest protrusion area for continuous pressure. Then, it is fixed to the ribs and kept implanted for about 2-3 years. The purpose of this work was to (a) assess the stresses distribution on the thoracic cage that arise from the procedure, and (b) investigate the impact of different positioning of the corrective bar along the sternum. The higher stresses were generated on the 4th, 5th and 6th ribs backend, supporting the hypothesis of pectus deformities correction-induced scoliosis. The different bar positioning originated different stresses on the ribs' backend. The bar position that led to lower stresses generated on the ribs backend was the one that also led to the smallest sternum displacement. However, this may be preferred, as the risk of induced scoliosis is lowered.This work was financially supported by the Potuguese Foundation for Science and Techrnology (FCT) under the R&D project PTDC/SAU-BEB/103368/2008 and the fellowship SFRH/BPD/46851/2008

Targeted gene transfer to fetal rat lung interstitium by ultrasound-guided intrapulmonary injection

In utero gene transfer to the developing lung may have clinical or research applications. In this study, we developed a new method for specifically targeting the fetal rat lung with adeno and lentiviral vectors encoding the enhanced green fluorescence protein (EGFP) marker gene at E15.5 using ultrasound biomicroscopy (UBM). Survival rate, morphometric parameters, viral biodistribution, and lung transduction efficiency were analyzed and compared to the intra-amniotic route of administration. Expression of EGFP started as early as 24 and 72 h after the injection of adenoviral and lentiviral vectors, respectively. Both vectors transduced lung parenchyma with gene expression limited to interstitial cells of the injected region, in contrast to intra-amniotic injection, which targeted the pulmonary epithelium. Expression of EGFP was most intense at E18.5 and E21.5 for adenoviral and lentiviral vectors, respectively. In contrast to lentivirus, adenoviral expression significantly declined until final analysis at 1 week of age. This study demonstrates the feasibility of targeting the fetal rat lung interstitium with viral vectors under UBM guidance during the pseudoglandular stage. This model system may facilitate in vivo studies of dynamic lung morphogenesis and could provide insight into the efficacy of prenatal gene transfer strategies for treatment of specific lung disorders.FCT Grant (SFRH/BD/15260/2004) on behalf of the FCT Grant POCI/SAU-OBS/56428/200

Linear and nonlinear heart-rate analysis in a rat model of acute anoxia

The objective of this study was the assessment of heart-rate (HR) dynamics with linear and nonlinear methods during episodes of mechanical ventilation and acute anoxia in rats. Namely, to assess whether linear and nonlinear HR analysis was able to discriminate acute anoxia from baseline in rats and if this was consistent with human foetal and adult studies. Five HR segments of 1 min duration, during baseline recording, mechanical ventilation and first, second and third minutes of induced acute anoxia, were analysed in ten adult Wistar rats. Linear time and frequency domain and nonlinear methods were used, namely mean HR (mHR), long-term irregularity (LTI), interval index (II), low frequency (LF) and high frequency (HF), approximate entropy (ApEn) and sample entropy (SampEn). New parameters for the entropy indices are proposed for the analysis of rats' HR. Bootstrap percentile confidence intervals and nonparametric statistical tests were used in the evaluation of the differences between segments. During mechanical ventilation a clear spectral band was detectable at the ventilation rate, but mHR, II and the 'new' entropy indices were the only significantly changed indices. In the transition from baseline - mechanical-ventilation to mechanical-ventilation induced anoxia, a statistically significant decrease of mHR, II and entropy indices was observed, clearly discriminating these two instances, whereas most linear indices increased. With continued anoxia, most linear indices decreased significantly, whereas entropy remained stably low. These results are consistent with other foetal human and non-human studies and evidence that the rat model may be used for further research on linear and nonlinear analysis of heart-rate dynamics. The transition from baseline to acute anoxia was encompassed by signs of increased activation of the autonomic nervous system sympathetic branch, and decreased or blunted activity of the HR complexity regulatory centres