EU Company Taxation in Case of a Common Tax Base: A Computer-based Calculation and Comparison Using the Enhanced Model of the European Tax Analyzer

Within the EU the relation between financial and tax accounting will be significantly influenced by the regulation adopted in June 2002 that obliges all listed companies to prepare their consolidated accounts according to International Accounting Standards / International Financial Reporting Standards (IAS/IFRS). Since dependency of financial and tax accounting according to different degrees prevails in all EU member states a linkage between IAS/IFRS and tax accounting seems to be possible. Compared to national GAAP the advantage of IAS/IFRS as a starting point for tax accounting derives from the advantages of the creation of a common tax base in the EU. However, the adoption of IAS/IFRS has to be restricted to those standards that are convenient for tax purposes. In particular, this means that tax accounting still has to follow the realisation principle as a general principle; the IAS/IFRS ?fair value-accounting? therefore cannot be adopted for tax purposes. In this paper we present estimates for the consequences of IAS/IFRS-based tax accounting on the comparative effective tax burdens of companies in 13 countries (Austria, Belgium, the Czech Republic, France, Germany, Hungary, Ireland, Latvia, the Netherlands, Poland, Slovakia, the United Kingdom, and the USA). Therefore, certain provisions of IAS/IFRS were considered as a starting point for the tax base. The effective tax burdens are calculated on the basis of the European Tax Analyzer model which was enhanced for the purposes of this study. A further question arises as to what extent an exclusive harmonisation of the tax base will effectively reduce the current EU-wide differences of effective company tax burdens. It turns out that a common tax base cannot alleviate the current EU-wide differences of effective company tax burdens. A major finding of our study reveals that the effective tax burdens in all countries considered here (except Ireland) tend to increase slightly since the tax bases tend to become broader. This offers the possibility to member states to reduce the nominal tax rate leaving the overall effective tax burden unchanged. A tax policy of tax cut cum base broadening would not only tend to increase the attractiveness of the member states as a location for companies. At the same time, this would reduce dispersions of effective tax burdens across industries. Therefore, such a tax policy is in line of the long term Community goals to become more competitive in international terms. --International Company Taxation,Effective Tax Burden,Tax Accounting,International Accounting Standards

The downstream impact of upstream tariffs: evidence from investment decisions in supply chains

We study how US manufacturing firms' investment responds to tariff reductions in supplier industries. Our estimates, based on tariff reductions following multinational trade agreements, suggest that a hypothetical 10% reduction of all upstream tariffs would increase downstream investment by 4% to 6%. This estimate is not explained by decreasing uncertainty and stems from tariff reductions for homogeneous and low-R&D inputs, consistent with the investment response resulting from cost reductions rather than superior foreign technology embodied in imported inputs. Evidence from an instrumental variable estimation using the sudden increase in Chinese import penetration suggests that import competition also increases downstream investment

DESIGN OPTIONS FOR DATA SPACES

Data spaces receive considerable attention nowadays since they are at the heart of numerous large-scale European research initiatives shaping the data economy. Their goal is to establish secure environments that enable cross-organizational data management and thereby collect, integrate and make available heterogeneous data from various sources. Although we can observe a great interest in establishing new data spaces, questions of what exactly makes a data space and what it takes to design one remain open. To clarify that, we extracted and organized data space characteristics based on the analysis of 53 papers, as well as an empirical analysis of 47 real-world data spaces. We formalize the findings in a taxonomy to provide an intuitive tool that captures important data space design options. Our paper contributes to the understanding of an emerging artifact with significant implications for business, namely data spaces

Designing business model taxonomies – synthesis and guidance from information systems research

Classification is an essential approach in business model research. Empirical classifications, termed taxonomies, are widespread in and beyond Information Systems (IS) and enjoy high popularity as both stand-alone artifacts and the foundation for further application. In this article, we focus on the study of empirical business model taxonomies for two reasons. Firstly, as these taxonomies serve as a tool to store empirical data about business models, we investigate their coverage of different industries and technologies. Secondly, as they are emerging artifacts in IS research, we aim to strengthen rigor in their design by illustrating essential design dimensions and characteristics. In doing this, we contribute to research and practice by synthesizing the diffusion of business model taxonomies that helps to draw on the available body of empirical knowledge and providing artifact-specific guidance for building taxonomies in the context of business models

UBC®Rapid Test for detection of carcinoma in situ for bladder cancer

UBC®Rapid Test is a test that detects fragments of cytokeratins 8 and 18 in urine. We present results of a multicentre study measuring UBC®Rapid Test in bladder cancer patients and healthy controls with focus on carcinoma in situ (CIS) and high-grade bladder cancer. From our study with N = 452 patients, we made a stratified sub-analysis for carcinoma in situ of the urinary bladder. Clinical urine samples were used from 87 patients with tumours of the urinary bladder (23 carcinoma in situ, 23 non-muscle-invasive low-grade tumours, 21 non-muscle-invasive high-grade tumours and 20 muscle-invasive high-grade tumours) and from 22 healthy controls. The cut-off value was defined at 10.0 µg/L. Urine samples were analysed by the UBC®Rapid Test point-of-care system (concile Omega 100 POC reader). Pathological levels of UBC Rapid Test in urine are higher in patients with bladder cancer in comparison to the control group (p < 0.001). Sensitivity was calculated at 86.9% for carcinoma in situ, 30.4% for non-muscle-invasive low-grade bladder cancer, 71.4% for nonmuscle-invasive high grade bladder cancer and 60% for muscle-invasive high-grade bladder cancer, and specificity was 90.9%. The area under the curve of the quantitative UBC®Rapid Test using the optimal threshold obtained by receiveroperated curve analysis was 0.75. Pathological values of UBC®Rapid Test in urine are higher in patients with high-grade bladder cancer in comparison to low-grade tumours and the healthy control group. UBC®Rapid Test has potential to be more sensitive and specific urinary protein biomarker for accurate detection of high-grade patients and could be added especially in the diagnostics for carcinoma in situ and non-muscle-invasive high-grade tumours of urinary bladder cancer

Ackerwildkraut-Blühstreifen zur Integration autochthoner Ackerwildkräuter in ökologisch bewirtschafteten Ackerflächen

Are flower-strips composed of arable field plants a tool to integrate rare species into organic fields? In the surrounding of the Hessian State Domain Frankenhausen seeds of rare annual field plants were collected and reproduced. The autochthonous seeds and also the corn-cockle have been integrated into a mixture that has been tested to which extent the flower-strips are able to suppress soil-borne weed species. The vegetation of the arable field plant strips has been monitored by phytosociological relevees. A certain amount of seeds is needed to reach satisfactory results. The corncockle affords special management because of its biology and its possible toxicity

Federal Regulation

Introduction Infected wounds are difficult to treat and there are no standardized protocols. Presentation of case We report a case of infected postoperative wound and entero-cutaneous fistula in a 83 years-old woman. An innovative treatment protocol for Human amniotic membrane (HAM)-assisted dressing of infected wound as the Idea Stage following the IDEAL recommendations is presented. The development of amnion preparation and the involved treatment steps are described. No adverse events and no graft rejection have been detected. Discussion Favorable results confirm the technical simplicity, safety and efficacy of this procedure. HAM has been shown to promote wound healing and to have antibacterial characteristics, which was supported by the presented case. Conclusion We are able to report a successful treatment of an infected wound caused by entero-cutaneous fistula with HAM dressing. Following the IDEAL recommendations, consecutive prospective cohort trials are justified