Auf der Suche nach dem passenden Rohstoff – Lithische Grabbeigaben und ihre Herkunft in der Deltaebene des Mekong

Die Deltaebene des Mekong in Südvietnam und Kambodscha wird von mächtigen alluvialen Sedimentschichten aufgebaut. Die Landschaft ist morphologisch flach und nur wenige reliktische Inselberge aus Festgesteinen erheben sich als Härtlinge aus der Landschaft (Abb. 1). Für die Bevölkerung vorgeschichtlicher Siedlungen stand also nur eine begrenzte Anzahl widerstandsfähiger, fester Rohstoffe zur Verfügung, um Werkzeuge für das alltägliche Leben wie zum Beispiel Beile, Mörser, Stößel, Schab- und Schleifsteine herzustellen. Dennoch wurden bei archäologischen Grabungen auf eisenzeitlichen Gräberfeldern der Prä-Funan-Kultur (400 v. bis 100 n. Chr.) in den letzten Jahren neben reichhaltigen Grabbeigaben aus Bronze, Eisen, Gold und Glas sowie vielfältigen Keramikkollektionen auch zahlreiche Gesteinsartefakte unterschiedlichster Genese geborgen (Reinecke et al. 2009). Dies deutet darauf hin, dass bereits fertige Werkzeuge oder entsprechende Rohstoffe aus dem ferneren Umland importiert wurden. Aufgrund des begrenzten Spektrums an natürlich vorkommenden Festgesteinsaufschlüssen in der Tiefl andebene des Mekong stellt sich die Frage, ob anhand einer gezielten Beprobung der Gesteinsvorkommen eine Zuordnung der genutzten Gesteinswerkstoffe zu ihrer ursprünglichen Herkunftsregionen erfolgen kann. Um dieser Fragestellung nachzugehen, hat die Kommission für Archäologie Außereuropäischer Kulturen des Deutschen Archäologischen Instituts im Jahr 2015 ein Forschungsstipendium vergeben. Ziel der Forschungsarbeiten ist es, mögliche Rohstoffquellen in der Deltaebene des Mekong zu identifi zieren und diese anhand geochemisch-petrographischer Untersuchungen mit den in Kambodscha (Prohear, Provinz Prey Veng) und Südvietnam (Gò Ô Chùa, Provinz Long An) bei Grabungen des Deutschen Archäologischen Instituts geborgenen Artefakten abzugleichen. Hierdurch soll die Rekonstruktionvon Handelsrouten sowohl für die erforderlichen Rohstoffe als auch für die bereits gefertigten Werkzeuge ermöglicht werden

Die Petrographie keramischer Grabbeigaben und Steinwerkzeuge aus der Deltaebene des Mekong

In den vergangenen Jahren hat die Kommission für Archäologie Außereuropäischer Kulturen des Deutschen Archäologischen Instituts Grabungsprojekte auf eisenzeitlichen Gräberfeldern der Prä-Funan-Kultur (500 v. bis 200 n. Chr.) in der Tiefl andebene des Mekong sowohl in Kambodscha (Prohear, Provinz Prey Veng) als auch in Südvietnam (Gò Ô Chùa, Provinz Long An) durchgeführt. Dabei wurden neben vielen Grabbeigaben aus Bronze, Eisen, Gold und Glas auch umfangreiche Keramik-Kollektionen und zahlreiche Gesteinsartefakte geborgen. Im unmittelbaren Umfeld der untersuchten Fundplätze stehen keine Festgesteine an. Aus Mangel an Steinrohstoffen hat die Bevölkerung benachbarter eisenzeitlicher Siedlungen Werkzeuge wie Beile sogar aus Muschelschalen oder Schildkrötenpanzer hergestellt (Reinecke 2012: 241, Anm. 2). Eine Untersuchung beider Materialgruppen unter petrographischen Gesichtspunkten verspricht Einblicke in die Rohstoff-Beschaffung beider Orte. Da die beiden Fundplätze Prohear und Gò Ô Chùa nur 65 km Luftlinie voneinander entfernt liegen, ist es darüber hinaus interessant, den Unterschieden oder Gemeinsamkeiten der Steinrohstoffe und des Tonmaterials beider Gemeinschaften nachzugehen (Abb. 1). Speziell bei der Keramik beider Fundstellen, die in Form, Farbe und Verzierung viele Übereinstimmungen zeigt, werden petrographische Untersuchungen auch mit zur Aufklärung beitragen, ob beispielsweise zwei unterschiedliche „Dorf-Töpfereien“ nach gleicher Tradition gearbeitet haben oder ob beide Gemeinschaften von einer oder mehreren zentralen Töpfereien beliefert worden sind

Intercomparison of Water Vapor Data Measured with Lidar during IHOP_2002. Part II: Airborne-to-Airborne Systems

The dataset of the International H2O Project (IHOP_2002) gives the first opportunity for direct intercomparisons of airborne water vapor lidar systems and allows very important conclusions to be drawn for future field campaigns. Three airborne differential absorption lidar (DIAL) systems were operated simultaneously during some IHOP_2002 missions: the DIAL of Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt (DLR), the Lidar Atmospheric Sensing Experiment (LASE) of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Langley Research Center, and the Lidar Embarque pour l'etude des Aerosols et des Nuages de l'interaction Dynamique Rayonnement et du cycle de l'Eau (LEANDRE II) of the Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS). Data of one formation flight with DLR DIAL and LEANDRE II were investigated, which consists of 54 independent profiles of the two instruments measured with 10-s temporal average. For the height range of 1.14–1.64 km above sea level, a bias of (−0.41 ± 0.16) g kg−1 or −7.9% ± 3.1% was found for DLR DIAL compared to LEANDRE II (LEANDRE II drier) as well as root-mean-square (RMS) deviations of (0.87 ± 0.18) g kg−1 or 16.9% ± 3.5%. With these results, relative bias values of −9.3%, −1.5%, +2.7%, and +8.1% result for LEANDRE II, DLR DIAL, the scanning Raman lidar (SRL), and LASE, respectively, using the mutual bias values determined in Part I for the latter three sensors. From the three possible profile-to-profile intercomparisons between DLR DIAL and LASE, one case cannot provide information on the system performances due to very large inhomogeneity of the atmospheric water vapor field, while one of the two remaining two cases showed a difference of −4.6% in the height range of 1.4–3.0 km and the other of −25% in 1.3–3.8 km (in both cases DLR DIAL was drier than LASE). The airborne-to-airborne comparisons showed that if airborne water vapor lidars are to be validated down to an accuracy of better than 5% in the lower troposphere, the atmospheric variability of water vapor has to be taken into account down to scales of less than a kilometer unless a sufficiently large number of intercomparison cases is available to derive statistically solid biases and RMS deviations. In conclusion, the overall biases between the water vapor data of all three airborne lidar systems operated during IHOP_2002 are smaller than 10% in the present stage of data evaluation, which confirms the previous estimates of the instrumental accuracies for all the systems

Intercomparison of Water Vapor Data Measured with Lidar during IHOP_2002. Part I: Airborne to Ground-Based Lidar Systems and Comparisons with Chilled-Mirror Hygrometer Radiosondes

International audienceThe water vapor data measured with airborne and ground-based lidar systems during the International H2O Project (IHOP_2002), which took place in the Southern Great Plains during 13 May–25 June 2002 were investigated. So far, the data collected during IHOP_2002 provide the largest set of state-of-the-art water vapor lidar data measured in a field campaign. In this first of two companion papers, intercomparisons between the scanning Raman lidar (SRL) of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC) and two airborne systems are discussed. There are 9 intercomparisons possible between SRL and the differential absorption lidar (DIAL) of Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt (DLR), while there are 10 intercomparisons between SRL and the Lidar Atmospheric Sensing Experiment (LASE) of the NASA Langley Research Center. Mean biases of (−0.30 ± 0.25) g kg−1 or −4.3% ± 3.2% for SRL compared to DLR DIAL (DLR DIAL drier) and (0.16 ± 0.31) g kg−1 or 5.3% ± 5.1% for SRL compared to LASE (LASE wetter) in the height range of 1.3–3.8 km above sea level (450–2950 m above ground level at the SRL site) were found. Putting equal weight on the data reliability of the three instruments, these results yield relative bias values of −4.6%, −0.4%, and +5.0% for DLR DIAL, SRL, and LASE, respectively. Furthermore, measurements of the Snow White (SW) chilled-mirror hygrometer radiosonde were compared with lidar data. For the four comparisons possible between SW radiosondes and SRL, an overall bias of (−0.27 ± 0.30) g kg−1 or −3.2% ± 4.5% of SW compared to SRL (SW drier) again for 1.3–3.8 km above sea level was found. Because it is a challenging effort to reach an accuracy of humidity measurements down to the ∼5% level, the overall results are very satisfactory and confirm the high and stable performance of the instruments and the low noise errors of each profile

Long-term outcomes of active surveillance for clinically localized prostate cancer in a community-based setting: results from a prospective non-interventional study

Abstract Purpose To report on long-term outcomes of patients treated with active surveillance (AS) for localized prostate cancer (PCa) in the daily routine setting. Methods HAROW (2008–2013) was a non-interventional, health service research study about the management of localized PCa in the community setting, with 86% of the study centers being office-based urologists. A follow-up examination of all patients who opted for AS as primary treatment was carried out. Overall, cancer-specific, and metastasis-free survival, as well as discontinuation rates, were determined. Results Of 329 patients, 62.9% had very-low- and 21.3% low-risk tumours. The median follow-up was 7.7 years (IQR 4.7–9.1). Twenty-eight patients (8.5%) died unrelated to PCa, of whom 19 were under AS or watchful waiting (WW). Additionally, seven patients (2.1%) developed metastasis. The estimated 10-year overall and metastasis-free survival was 86% (95% CI 81.7–90.3) and 97% (95% CI 94.6–99.3), respectively. One hundred eighty-seven patients (56.8%) discontinued AS changing to invasive treatment: 104 radical prostatectomies (RP), 55 radiotherapies (RT), and 28 hormonal treatments (HT). Another 50 patients switched to WW. Finally, 37.4% remained alive without invasive therapy (22.2% AS and 15.2% WW). Intervention-free survival differed between the risk groups: 47.8% in the very-low-, 33.8% in the low- and 34.6% in the intermediate-/high-risk-group (p = 0.008). On multivariable analysis, PSA-density ≥ 0.2 ng/ml2 was significantly predictive for receiving invasive treatment (HR 2.55; p = 0.001). Conclusion Even in routine care, AS can be considered a safe treatment option. Our results might encourage office-based urologists regarding the implementation of AS and to counteract possible concerns against this treatment option. </jats:sec

Long-term outcomes of active surveillance for clinically localized prostate cancer in a community-based setting: results from a prospective non-interventional study

Purpose!#!To report on long-term outcomes of patients treated with active surveillance (AS) for localized prostate cancer (PCa) in the daily routine setting.!##!Methods!#!HAROW (2008-2013) was a non-interventional, health service research study about the management of localized PCa in the community setting, with 86% of the study centers being office-based urologists. A follow-up examination of all patients who opted for AS as primary treatment was carried out. Overall, cancer-specific, and metastasis-free survival, as well as discontinuation rates, were determined.!##!Results!#!Of 329 patients, 62.9% had very-low- and 21.3% low-risk tumours. The median follow-up was 7.7 years (IQR 4.7-9.1). Twenty-eight patients (8.5%) died unrelated to PCa, of whom 19 were under AS or watchful waiting (WW). Additionally, seven patients (2.1%) developed metastasis. The estimated 10-year overall and metastasis-free survival was 86% (95% CI 81.7-90.3) and 97% (95% CI 94.6-99.3), respectively. One hundred eighty-seven patients (56.8%) discontinued AS changing to invasive treatment: 104 radical prostatectomies (RP), 55 radiotherapies (RT), and 28 hormonal treatments (HT). Another 50 patients switched to WW. Finally, 37.4% remained alive without invasive therapy (22.2% AS and 15.2% WW). Intervention-free survival differed between the risk groups: 47.8% in the very-low-, 33.8% in the low- and 34.6% in the intermediate-/high-risk-group (p = 0.008). On multivariable analysis, PSA-density ≥ 0.2 ng/ml!##!Conclusion!#!Even in routine care, AS can be considered a safe treatment option. Our results might encourage office-based urologists regarding the implementation of AS and to counteract possible concerns against this treatment option