Effects and moderators of exercise on muscle strength, muscle function and aerobic fitness in patients with cancer:A meta-analysis of individual patient data

To optimally target exercise interventions for patients with cancer, it is important to identify which patients benefit from which interventions. Design We conducted an individual patient data meta-analysis to investigate demographic, clinical, intervention-related and exercise-related moderators of exercise intervention effects on physical fitness in patients with cancer. Data sources We identified relevant studies via systematic searches in electronic databases (PubMed, Embase, PsycINFO and CINAHL). Eligibility criteria We analysed data from 28 randomised controlled trials investigating the effects of exercise on upper body muscle strength (UBMS) and lower body muscle strength (LBMS), lower body muscle function (LBMF) and aerobic fitness in adult patients with cancer. Results Exercise significantly improved UBMS (β=0.20, 95% Confidence Interval (CI) 0.14 to 0.26), LBMS (β=0.29, 95% CI 0.23 to 0.35), LBMF (β=0.16, 95% CI 0.08 to 0.24) and aerobic fitness (β=0.28, 95% CI 0.23 to 0.34), with larger effects for supervised interventions. Exercise effects on UBMS were larger during treatment, when supervised interventions included ≥3 sessions per week, when resistance exercises were included and when session duration was >60 min. Exercise effects on LBMS were larger for patients who were living alone, for supervised interventions including resistance exercise and when session duration was >60 min. Exercise effects on aerobic fitness were larger for younger patients and when supervised interventions included aerobic exercise. Conclusion Exercise interventions during and following cancer treatment had small effects on UBMS, LBMS, LBMF and aerobic fitness. Demographic, intervention-related and exercise-related characteristics including age, marital status, intervention timing, delivery mode and frequency and type and time of exercise sessions moderated the exercise effect on UBMS, LBMS and aerobic fitness.Sin financiación12.022 JCR (2019) Q1, 1/85 Sport Sciences3.712 SJR (2019) Q1, 48/2754 Medicine (miscellaneous), 1/284 Orthopedics and Sports Medicine, 1/207 Physical Therapy, Sports Therapy and Rehabilitation, 2/125 Sports ScienceNo data IDR 2019UE

Benthic macrofauna bioturbation and early colonization in newly flooded coastal habitats.

How will coastal soils in areas newly flooded with seawater function as habitat for benthic marine organisms? This research question is highly relevant as global sea level rise and coastal realignment will cause flooding of soils and form new marine habitats. In this study, we tested experimentally the capacity of common marine polychaetes, Marenzelleria viridis, Nereis (Hediste) diversicolor and Scoloplos armiger to colonize and modify the biogeochemistry of the newly established Gyldensteen Coastal Lagoon, Denmark. All tested polychaetes survived relatively well (28-89%) and stimulated carbon dioxide release (TCO2) by 97-105% when transferred to newly flooded soils, suggesting that soil characteristics are modified rapidly by colonizing fauna. A field survey showed that the pioneering benthic community inside the lagoon was structurally different from the marine area outside the lagoon, and M. viridis and S. armiger were not among the early colonizers. These were instead N. diversicolor and Polydora cornuta with an abundance of 1603 and 540 ind m-2, respectively. Considering the species-specific effects of N. diversicolor on TCO2 release and its average abundance in the lagoon, we estimate that organic carbon degradation was increased by 219% in the first year of flooding. We therefore conclude that early colonizing polychaetes modify the soils and may play an important role in the ecological and successional developments, e.g. C cycling and biodiversity, in newly flooded coastal ecosystems. Newly flooded soils have thus a strong potential to develop into well-functioning marine ecosystems

Number and biomass (wet weight) of <i>Marenzelleria viridis</i> (<i>Mar</i>), <i>Nereis diversicolor</i> (<i>Ner</i>) and <i>Scoloplos armiger</i> (Sco) added to uncultivated (UC) and cultivated (C) soil cores.

<p>Recovery of polychaetes, maximum depth of burrows, area- and weight-specific bioirrigation rates for the three species of polychaetes observed by the end of the experiment.</p

Colonization of benthic infauna at the Western (W) and Eastern (E) stations after flooding of the Gyldensteen Coastal Lagoon.

<p>March 29, 2014 is point of origin for all graphs. X-axis tick marks indicate start of March (M), June (J), September (S) and December (D).</p

Sediment O₂ uptake (SOU) and exchange of TCO₂ and DIN in flooded uncultivated (UC) and cultivated (C) soil without (Con) and with added polychaetes (<i>Mar</i>: <i>Marenzelleria viridis</i>, <i>Ner</i>: <i>Nereis diversicolor</i> and <i>Sco</i>: <i>Scoloplos armiger</i>, respectively).

<p>Left and middle panels show temporal patterns and right panels show averages (from time of polychaete addition [t = 0] to end). Error bars indicate SE (n = 3). Capital and lower case letters in right panels represent the grouping of data obtained by 2-way ANOVA followed by Tukey post hoc analysis. Capital letters indicate significant difference between UC and C. Lower case letters indicate significant difference between core treatments (Con, <i>Mar</i>, <i>Ner</i> and <i>Sco</i>). * indicates significant interaction between the factors soil type and core treatment.</p

Water content, density, porosity and loss on ignition (LOI) in control cores from uncultivated (UC) and cultivated (C) soils.

<p>Water content, density, porosity and loss on ignition (LOI) in control cores from uncultivated (UC) and cultivated (C) soils.</p

Depth profiles of Br^- in uncultivated (UC) and cultivated (C) soils (upper and lower graphs, respectively) without (Con) or with polychaetes added (<i>Mar</i>: <i>Marenzelleria viridis</i>, <i>Ner</i>: <i>Nereis diversicolor</i> and <i>Sco</i>: <i>Scoloplos armiger</i>).

<p>Dashed lines indicate the sediment-water interface. Error bars indicate standard error (n = 3).</p