The Quantification of Tooth Displacement

By using reference points from a single pixel marker placed at the center point of the cuspid teeth and the center point on each of the incisor teeth, a polynomial curve was generated as a native curve for each dental arch studied. The polynomial curve generated from actual tooth position in each arch provides the forensic odontologist with another reference point that is quantifiable. The study represents that individual characteristics, such as tooth displacement, can be quantified in a simple, reliable, and repeatable format

Comment on ``Parton distributions, d/u, and higher twist effects at high x''

In a recent paper Yang and Bodek extracted the free neutron structure function at large x by extrapolating the density dependence of the nuclear EMC ratios to the deuteron. We clarify why this approach is ill-defined for light nuclei, and introduces a large theoretical bias into the extraction of F_2n at large x.Comment: 3 pages, 1 figure, REVTeX, discussion expanded to clarify original criticisms of nuclear density extrapolation to the deutero

Deducing topology of protein-protein interaction networks from experimentally measured sub-networks.

BackgroundProtein-protein interaction networks are commonly sampled using yeast two hybrid approaches. However, whether topological information reaped from these experimentally-measured sub-networks can be extrapolated to complete protein-protein interaction networks is unclear.ResultsBy analyzing various experimental protein-protein interaction datasets, we found that they are not random samples of the parent networks. Based on the experimental bait-prey behaviors, our computer simulations show that these non-random sampling features may affect the topological information. We tested the hypothesis that a core sub-network exists within the experimentally sampled network that better maintains the topological characteristics of the parent protein-protein interaction network. We developed a method to filter the experimentally sampled network to result in a core sub-network that more accurately reflects the topology of the parent network. These findings have fundamental implications for large-scale protein interaction studies and for our understanding of the behavior of cellular networks.ConclusionThe topological information from experimental measured networks network as is may not be the correct source for topological information about the parent protein-protein interaction network. We define a core sub-network that more accurately reflects the topology of the parent network

Shock compression and isentropic release of rhyolite

A series of shock compression experiments have been conducted on rhyolite at pressure ranging from 6 to 33 GPa. A velocity interferometer (VISAR) was employed to monitor the particle velocity of an aluminum reflector with a diffused surface bonded to the rhyolite sample. In the forward ballistic experiments, a slow rise shock wave front is observed at 6 GPa. While in the forward experiments their release waves are smeared, in a reverse ballistic experiment, the particle velocity variation at the shock wave plateau and the isentropic release wave arrival have been clearly observed. Using Swegle’s mixed phase model, we simulated the experimental results with WONDY code. Like quartz and granite, the rhyolite data could be fit to a frozen release model which has some hysteric behavior. The Eulerian sound velocity at shock pressure 8.7 GPa has been determined to be 5.6 km/s

Scaling law for the electromagnetic form factors of the proton

The violation of the scaling law for the electric and magnetic form factors of the proton are examined within the cloudy bag model. The suppression of the ratio of the electric and magnetic form factors is natural in the bag model. The pion cloud plays a moderate role in understanding the recent data from TJNAF.Comment: 8 pages, REVTeX, 2 figures include

Toggle release

A pyrotechnic actuated structural release device 10 which is mechanically two fault tolerant for release. The device 10 comprises a fastener plate 11 and fastener body 12, each attachable to a different one of a pair of structures to be joined. The fastener plate 11 and body 12 are fastenable by a toggle 13 supported at one end on the fastener plate and mounted for universal pivotal movement thereon. At its other end which is received in a central opening in the fastener body 12 and adapted for limited pivotal movement therein the toggle 13 is restrained by three retractable latching pins 61 symmetrically disposed in equiangular spacing about the axis of the toggle 13 and positionable in latching engagement with an end fitting on the toggle. Each pin 61 is individually retractable by combustion of a pyrotechnic charge 77, the expanding gases of which are applied to a pressure receiving face 67 on the latch pin 61 to effect its retraction from the toggle. While retraction of all three pins 62 releases the toggle, the fastener is mechanically two fault tolerant since the failure of any single one or pair of the latch pins to retract results in an asymmetrical loading on the toggle and its pivotal movement to effect a release. An annular bolt 18 is mounted on the fastener plate 11 as a support for the socket mounting 30, 37 of the toggle whereby its selective axial movement provides a means for preloading the toggle

Shock-wave equation of state of rhyolite

We have obtained new shock-wave equation of state (EOS) and release adiabat data for rhyolite. These data are combined with those of Swegle (1989, 1990) to give an experimental Hugoniot which is described by U_s = 2.53(±0.08) + 3.393(±0.37)u_p for u_p < 0.48 km s^(−1), U_s = 3.85(±0.05) + 0.65(±0.03)up for 0.48 ≤ u_p < 2.29 km s^(−1), U_s = 1.52(±0.08) + 1.67(±0.02)u_p for 2.29 ≤ u_p < 4.37 km s^(−1), and U_s = 3.40(±034) + 1.24(±0.06)u_p for u_p ≥ 4.37 km s^(−1), with ρ_0 = 2.357 ± 0.052 Mg m^(−3). We suggest that the Hugoniot data give evidence of three distinct phases—both low- and high-pressure solid phases and, possibly, a dense molten phase. EOS parameters for these phases are ρ_0 = 2.494 ± 0.002 Mg m^(−3), K_(S0) = 37 ± 2 GPa, K′ = 6.27 ± 0.25, and γ = 1.0(V/V_0) for the low-pressure solid phase; ρ_0 = 3.834 ± 0.080 Mg m^(−3), K_(S0) = 128 ± 20 GPa, K′ = 3.7 ± 1.4, and γ = 1.5 ± 0.5 for the solid high-pressure phase; and ρ_0 = 3.71 ± 0.10 Mg m^(−3), K_(S0) = 127 ± 25 GPa, K′ = 2.1 ± 1.0, and γ = 1.5 ± 1.0 for the dense liquid. Transition regions of the Hugoniot cover the ranges of 9–34 GPa for the low-pressure—high-pressure solid transition and 90–120 GPa for the high-pressure solid—liquid transition. Release paths from high-pressure states, calculated from the EOS parameters, suggest that the material remains in the high-pressure solid phase upon release. Release paths from both the high-pressure solid and liquid fall above the Hugoniot until the Hugoniot enters the low-pressure—high-pressure mixed phase region, when the release paths then cross the Hugoniot and fall below it, ending at significantly higher zero-pressure densities than that of the low-pressure phase. The low-pressure release paths fall very close to the Hugoniot. Estimates of residual heat deposition, based on shock-release path hysteresis, range from 20 to 60 per cent of the shock Hugoniot energy