42 research outputs found
Inferring Parametric Energy Consumption Functions at Different Software Levels:ISA vs. LLVM IR
The static estimation of the energy consumed by program
executions is an important challenge, which has applications in program
optimization and verification, and is instrumental in energy-aware software
development. Our objective is to estimate such energy consumption
in the form of functions on the input data sizes of programs. We have developed
a tool for experimentation with static analysis which infers such
energy functions at two levels, the instruction set architecture (ISA) and
the intermediate code (LLVM IR) levels, and re
ects it upwards to the
higher source code level. This required the development of a translation
from LLVM IR to an intermediate representation and its integration
with existing components, a translation from ISA to the same representation,
a resource analyzer, an ISA-level energy model, and a mapping
from this model to LLVM IR. The approach has been applied to programs
written in the XC language running on XCore architectures, but
is general enough to be applied to other languages. Experimental results
show that our LLVM IR level analysis is reasonably accurate (less than
6:4% average error vs. hardware measurements) and more powerful than
analysis at the ISA level. This paper provides insights into the trade-off
of precision versus analyzability at these levels
Polyglutamine polymorphisms in the androgen receptor gene of 128 patients with cryptorchidism and/or hypospadias
P337: Psychosocial adjustment and distress in neonatal vs adolescent diagnosis of SRY–related gonadal dysgenesis: Two illustrative cases
Prospective assessment of renal function using cystatin C and functional MRI in children with newly diagnosed renal tumors.
Transient asynchronous testicular growth in adolescent males with a varicocele.
PURPOSE: We assessed the testicular growth of adolescent males followed nonsurgically for the presence of left varicocele.
MATERIALS AND METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed the charts of adolescent males with a diagnosis of unilateral left varicocele and ultrasound testis volume measurements seen during a 10-year period. A total of 161 boys underwent at least 2 testicular ultrasounds as part of the evaluation for left varicocele. Patients were excluded from study for a history of inguinal/scrotal pathology or endocrinopathy that could affect testicular size. Sonographic testicular volume was calculated using the Lambert volume (length x width x height x 0.71). The resulting volumes were compared to previously published criteria for surgical repair (15%, 20% and 2 cc size differentials).
RESULTS: Of the 71 boys with 3 followup ultrasounds 38 (54%) initially had a 15% or greater volume differential. After nonsurgical followup with ultrasounds for 2 years 60 boys (85%) had testicular volume differentials in the normal range (less than 15%). Of the patients 71% were spared potential surgery by size criteria and 50% were spared surgery by the same 15% volume differential criteria.
CONCLUSIONS: Adolescent males with unilateral left varicocele often demonstrate asynchronous testicular growth that usually equalizes in time. Therefore, sonographic testicular size measurement at a single point during adolescence is insufficient to determine the need for varicocelectomy. When contemplating varicocelectomy we recommend at least 2, and preferably 3, testicular volume measurements 1 year apart to establish accurately decreased left testicular volume compared to a normal right testis