2,871 research outputs found

    Sensory substitution: the spatial updating of auditory scenes "mimics" the spatial updating of visual scenes

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    Visual-to-auditory sensory substitution is used to convey visual information through audition, and it was initially created to compensate for blindness; it consists of software converting the visual images captured by a video-camera into the equivalent auditory images, or “soundscapes”. Here, it was used by blindfolded sighted participants to learn the spatial position of simple shapes depicted in images arranged on the floor. Very few studies have used sensory substitution to investigate spatial representation, while it has been widely used to investigate object recognition. Additionally, with sensory substitution we could study the performance of participants actively exploring the environment through audition, rather than passively localizing sound sources. Blindfolded participants egocentrically learnt the position of six images by using sensory substitution and then a judgment of relative direction task (JRD) was used to determine how this scene was represented. This task consists of imagining being in a given location, oriented in a given direction, and pointing towards the required image. Before performing the JRD task, participants explored a map that provided allocentric information about the scene. Although spatial exploration was egocentric, surprisingly we found that performance in the JRD task was better for allocentric perspectives. This suggests that the egocentric representation of the scene was updated. This result is in line with previous studies using visual and somatosensory scenes, thus supporting the notion that different sensory modalities produce equivalent spatial representation(s). Moreover, our results have practical implications to improve training methods with sensory substitution devices (SSD)

    Tendências na contracepção masculina

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    Methods that are available for male contraception, namely coitus interruptus, condoms, and vasectomy, have been used since the 19th century. With the exceptions of a few improvements of these methods, no major progress has been made with respect to introducing new male contraceptives since then. It is extremely urgent to develop new, safe, effective, and reversible male contraceptive methods. Among all male contraceptive methods that are being investigated, the hormonal approach is the closest to clinical application. Hormonal contraception provides pregnancy protection by means of spermatogenic suppression. Androgen-progestin regimens currently represent the best available hormonal combination for induction of a profound suppression of spermatogenesis. Further development of new steroids is mandatory for increasing the choices of available contraceptive formulations and to optimize long-term safety of these regimens.Métodos disponíveis para contracepção como coito interrompido, preservativo e vasectomia são usados desde o século 19. Com exceção a alguma melhora nestes métodos, nenhum progresso maior tem sido feito com relação à introdução de novos contraceptivos masculinos desde então. É de extrema urgência o desenvolvimento de um novo método contraceptivo seguro, efetivo e reversível. Entre todos os métodos contraceptivos que estão sendo investigados, a abordagem hormonal é a que está mais perto para aplicação clínica. A contracepção hormonal fornece proteção contra a gravidez por meio da supressão na espermatogênese. Tratamentos que incluem andrógeno e progestágenos representam na atualidade a melhor combinação hormonal disponível para induzir uma profunda supressão na espermatogênese. O desenvolvimento futuro de uma nova formulação esteróide é mandatório para melhorar as chances de formulações contraceptivas disponíveis e otimizar o efeito a longo-prazo de tais regimes

    Resultados de anastomose microcirúrgica em homens com obstrução do trato seminal devido à herniorrafia inguinal

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    The incidence of vasal injury during inguinal herniorrhaphy is estimated at 0.5%. We sought to assess the patency rates and long-term fertility outcome after microsurgical repair of vasal obstruction related to prior inguinal herniorrhaphy. METHODS: Twenty procedures were performed on 13 men diagnosed with infertility and vasal injury secondary to previous inguinal herniorrhaphy. Eight of these men had undergone bilateral and 5 unilateral inguinal herniorrhaphy. Twelve procedures were vasovasostomies, 3 were crossover vasovasostomies, 2 were vasoepididymostomies, and 3 were crossover vasoepididymostomies. Eight patients were azoospermic, 2 were severely oligospermic (A incidência de trauma dos vasos deferentes durante uma herniorafia inguinal é estimada em 0.5%. Nós avaliamos as taxas de permeabilidade e o prognóstico da fertilidade a longo-prazo após o reparo microcirúrgico da obstrução dos vasos deferentes relacionados com herniorrafia inguinal prévia MÉTODOS: Vinte procedimentos foram realizados em 13 homens diagnosticados com infertilidade e trauma nos vasos deferentes secundário à herniorrafia inguinal prévia. Oito destes homens foram submetidos à herniorrafia inguinal bilateral e 5 à herniorrafia inguinal unilateral. Doze procedimentos foram vasovasostomias, 3 vasovasostomias cruzadas, 2 vasoepididimostomias e 3 vasoepididimostomias cruzadas. Oito pacientes estavam azoospérmicos, 2 com oligozosspermia grave (< 1 milhão/mL) 1 oligozoospérmico e 2 astenozoospérmicos. Dados de permeabilidade foram obtidos em 13 pacientes e dados de gravidez estavam disponíveis em 10 casais (77%) com um seguimento médio de 69,5 meses. RESULTADOS: A taxa de permeabilidade foi de 65%. No grupo de vasovasostomia, a taxa de permeabilidade foi de 60% (9/15) e no grupo de vasoepididimostomia foi de 80% (4/5). Entre os pacientes azoospérmicos, 13 procedimentos foram realizados. As taxas de permeabilidade foram de 42,9% para a vasovasostomia (3/7), e 100% para o procedimento de vasoepididimostomia (4/4). As taxas globais foram de 40%. Quatro de 5 (80%) homens que foram submetidos à vasoepididimostomia estabeleceram gravidez. CONCLUSÕES: Vasovasostomia microcirúrgica após trauma inguinal nos vasos deferentes resultam em taxas de permeabilidade razoáveis, mas uma taxa de gravidez baixa comparada à reversão de vasectomia. Quando a vasoepididimostomia microcirúrgica foi possível, ela resultou em altas taxas de permeabilidade e gravidez. A vasoepididimostomia cruzada, quando apropriada, pode ser uma alternativa útil à vasovasostomia inguinal

    Disfunção sexual feminina: o que é importante saber

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    Media exposure regarding male sexual dysfunction and the growing number of viable treatment alternatives for erectile dysfunction has resulted in increasing numbers of men seeking clinical appointments and treatment for the condition, which has previously been considered taboo. Because these problems usually arise within the context of relationships, some investigators have alluded to increased rates of sexual dysfunction among the partners of these men. Also, since general practitioners, gynaecologists, geriatrists, and urologists are also seeing female patients for evaluation of various types of dysfunction, certain groups of these women with underlying chronic conditions have been noted to have high rates of concomitant sexual dysfunction. Physicians who have good rapport with these patients are in a privileged position to help with these intimate problems, which are often difficult for patients to discuss. Therefore, it is of extreme importance that these professionals become knowledgeable about and comfortable with the initial evaluation and possible treatment of female sexual dysfunction.A intensa exposição pela mídia do tema disfunção sexual masculina e o número crescente de tratamentos disponíveis para a disfunção erétil têm resultado num número crescente de homens que procuram consulta e tratamento clínico para este problema, antes considerado como "tabu". Uma vez que o problema geralmente surge no contexto do relacionamento, alguns investigadores aludem às taxas crescentes de disfunção sexual nas parceiras destes homens. Além disso, clínicos, ginecologistas, geriatras e urologistas igualmente estão avaliando pacientes do sexo feminino quanto a vários tipos de disfunção. Em alguns grupos de mulheres com condições crônicas subjacentes, também têm sido observado um aumento nas taxas de disfunção sexual concomitante. Médicos que tenham estabelecido uma boa relação médico-paciente estão em posição única para ajudar com este problema, que em virtude de sua própria característica de intimidade, geralmente é de difícil abordagem para os pacientes. Desta forma, é de extrema importância que estes profissionais tenham conhecimento e sintam-se à vontade para iniciar a avaliação e possivelmente o tratamento da disfunção sexual feminina

    Detecção de câncer de testículo em homens com infertilidade

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    PURPOSE: Infertility is one of the less common presenting features associated with testicular tumors. We evaluated the histologic and biochemical findings, and pregnancy outcome in patients presenting with infertility who were found to have testicular tumors. METHODS: Seven patients with infertility were found to have testicular cancer over a 15-year period. All patients had a testicular ultrasound evaluation. The indications for the ultrasound were testicular pain in 2 patients, suspicious palpable mass in 4, and to rule out the presence of germ cell neoplasia in a patient with carcinoma in situ detected on a previous biopsy. Physical exam, histological findings, hormonal levels, tumor markers, and pregnancy outcome results were recorded from the patients medical charts. RESULTS: Two men had elevated serum follicle stimulant hormone and luteinizing hormone levels, 1 of them had an abnormally low serum testosterone level. Tumor markers were normal in all patients. In 4 patients the tumor was on the right side and in 3 on the left. The histological diagnoses were seminoma (n = 5), Leydig cell tumor (n = 1), and carcinoma in situ (n = 1). Of the 7 patients, 5 underwent adjuvant radiation therapy. Two patients had sperm cryopreserved. Follow up on fertility status was available in 6 cases. One patient has established a pregnancy and 5 did not achieve a pregnancy after treatment for their cancer. CONCLUSIONS: Most of the men who have testicular cancer and male infertility have a seminona. Therefore, men who present with infertility should be thoroughly investigated to rule out such serious, concomitant diseases along with their infertility.PROPÓSITO: Infertilidade é um dos padrões incomuns associados com tumores de testículo. Nós avaliamos os achados histológicos, bioquímicos, e gravidez em pacientes com infertilidade nos quais foram detectados tumores de testículo. MÉTODOS: Sete pacientes com infertilidade nos quais câncer de testículo foi detectado em um período acima de 15 anos. Todos os pacientes foram avaliados com ultra-sonografia. As indicações para ultra-sonografia foram dor testicular em dois pacientes, suspeita de massa palpável em quatro, e descartar a presença de neoplasia de células germinativas em um paciente com carcinoma in situ detectado em biópsia prévia. Exame físico, achados histológicos, níveis hormonais, marcadores tumorais, e resultados de gravidez foram avaliados nos prontuários dos pacientes. RESULTADOS: Dois homens tinham níveis séricos elevados de hormônio folículo-estimulante e hormônio luteinizante; um destes tinha níveis anormalmente baixos de testosterona. Marcadores tumorais estavam normais em todos os pacientes. Em quatro pacientes, o tumor estava localizado no testículo direito e em três no esquerdo. Os diagnósticos histológicos foram seminoma (n = 5), tumor de células de Leydig (n = 1) e carcinoma in situ (n = 1). Dos sete pacientes, cinco foram submetidos à radioterapia. Dois pacientes congelaram seus espermatozóides. Acompanhamento no estado de fertilidade estava disponível em seis pacientes. Um paciente estabeleceu gravidez e cinco não conseguiram engravidar após tratamento do câncer. CONCLUSÕES: A maioria dos homens com câncer de testículo e infertilidade possui um seminoma. Homens que se apresentam com infertilidade devem ser cuidadosamente investigados para descartar doenças concomitantes e sérias juntamente com a infertilidade

    Magnetic Relaxation of a Voigt-MHD System

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    We construct solutions of the magnetohydrostatic (MHS) equations in bounded domains and on the torus in three spatial dimensions, as infinite time limits of Voigt approximations of viscous, non-resistive incompressible magnetohydrodynamics equations. The Voigt approximations modify the time evolution without introducing artificial viscosity. We show that the obtained MHS solutions are regular, nontrivial, and are not Beltrami fields.Comment: 16 page

    Evaluation of the esthetic properties of developmental defects of enamel: a spectrophotometric clinical study

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    Objectives. Detailed clinical quantification of optical properties of developmental defect of enamel is possible with spectropho- tometric evaluation. Developmental defects of enamel (DDE) are daily encountered in clinical practice. DDE are an alteration in quality and quantity of the enamel, caused by disruption and/or damage to the enamel organ during amelogenesis. Methods. Several clinical indices have been developed to categorize enamel defects based on their nature, appearance, microscopic features, or cause. A sample of 39 permanent teeth presenting DDE on labial surface was examined using the DDE Modified Index and SpectroShade evaluation. The spectrophotometric approach quantifies L∗ (luminosity), a∗ (quantity of green-red), and b∗ (quantity of blue- yellow) of different DDE. Conclusions. SpectroShade evaluation of the optical properties of the enamel defect enhances clinical understanding of severity and extent of the defect and characterizes the enamel alteration in terms of color discrepancy and surface characterization
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