Have MTO Families Lost Access to Opportunity Neighborhoods Over Time?

Reviews research on families who moved to lower-poverty areas through the Moving to Opportunity program, using new data and broader indicators to assess whether their subsequent moves were also to better neighborhoods from which the families benefited

Concentrated Poverty: A Change in Course

Examines how the distribution of concentrated poverty in metropolitan areas has shifted in the past two decades, using data from the Neighborhood Change Database

Population Growth and Decline in City Neighborhoods

Analyzes how neighborhoods in the nation's largest cities grew and declined in the 1990s and how those results compared with patterns of change in the 1980s, based on data from the U.S. Census and the Neighborhood Change Database

Concentrated Poverty: Dynamics of Change

Compares metropolitan census tracts that improved with respect to poverty in the 1990s with those that worsened, looking at the racial composition of both types and in different types of metropolitan areas nationally

REVITILIZING THE ONTARIO PUBLIC EDUCATION SYSTEM FOR YOUNG ENGLISH LANGUAGE LEARNERS

Herein we argue that teachers who work to foster their ability to teach English language learners effectively need to learn about their students. Although Ontario (Canada) educators have demonstrated that English language learners’ cultural knowledge and language abilities can be mobilized within the classroom as important tools and resources for learning the systematic development of language policy at the school level is crucial for extending innovative practices and attitudes into schools across the province.  Such policy should reflect the demographic trends and recent research literature that recommends teachers must be informed and able to assess and evaluate English proficiency since this can disguise and hinder students from communicating the information they know.  Teachers, therefore, must be diligent and perceptive to accurately measure and record information that the student does know. Given this stance we present a review of the perspectives and attitudes of Ontario Elementary school teachers towards skills, abilities, and training for teaching young English language learners.  We introduce current themes and facts prevalent in the OMOE literature pertaining to effective ELL education and professional development for teachers to implement and foster English acquisition and student success

2006 Housing in the Nation's Capital

Explores the interdependent relationship between public school systems and housing markets, and examines the ability of coordinated investment in affordable housing and quality education to revitalize Washington, D.C., metropolitan area neighborhoods

Volume 3: Ethnographies of Islam : Ritual Performances and Everyday Practices

This comparative approach to the various uses of the ethnographic method in research about Islam in anthropology and other social sciences is particularly relevant in the current climate. Political discourses and stereotypical media portrayals of Islam as a monolithic civilisation have prevented the emergence of cultural pluralism and individual freedom. This book counters such discourses by showing the diversity and plurality of Muslim societies and by promoting reflection on how the ethnographic method allows the description, representation and analysis of the social and cultural complexity of Muslim societies in the discourse of anthropology.https://ecommons.aku.edu/uk_ismc_series_emc/1006/thumbnail.jp

Phosphate based glass thin films for biofilm prevention in orthopaedic implants

Biofilm infections affect 1-4% of orthopaedic implants, causing cyclical chronic pain for the affected patient and an estimated cost in the UK of around £2 billion annually [1]. Phosphate based glasses (PBGs) have been widely demonstrated to degrade in aqueous media and can be deposited in highly adherent thin films on a large range of substrates using Radio-Frequency Magnetron Sputtering (RFMS). Ga3+ has been widely investigated for its antimicrobial effects against a wide range of pathogens at <9 mM [2][3]. This work aimed to produce high Ga2O3 content coatings for rapid Ga3+ release in vivo, and to determine whether an unstable surface could prevent bacterial attachment or whether rapid ion release could produce an antimicrobial effect while being tolerated by human osteoblasts. Co-sputtering of non-Ga2O3 doped PBG targets and a pure Ga2O3 ceramic target successfully produced two films: (P57ˑFe3(150):Ga2O3(50) and P45ˑFe0(150):Ga2O3(50)) which were reported to contain 41.5 ± 0.4 and 30.6 ± 0.5 mol% Ga2O3 respectively. These are the highest Ga2O3 content PBG structures reported in the literature. Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) analysis showed that the P57ˑFe3(150):Ga2O3(50) was fully amorphous and can therefore be considered to have been successfully deposited as a glass structure. Both glass composition and film thickness were found to influence film degradation. The presence of Fe2O3 in the films at amounts as low as 1.2 mol% was found to be enough to fully stabilise the glass in DMEM. The thickness of the film was also shown to have an effect on whether full degradation was achieved, as while the 36 nm thick P45ˑFe0(150) film degraded fully, the P45ˑFe0(150):P45ˑFe0(150) film of 447 nm thickness degraded initially but then stabilised in the DMEM, despite having no significant differences in composition. By sputtering a composition without Fe2O3 one film doped with Ga2O3 was produced which successfully degraded within 24 h (P45ˑFe0(150):Ga2O3(50)). Microbiological assays showed that none of the films had a significant impact on the volume of bacteria which were able to adhere to the sample surface over 6 h, showing that more rapid degradation rates are needed. The concentration of Ga3+ eluted into the media was not sufficient to significantly perturb the growth of clinically relevant bacteria. Further investigation suggested that a degrading film would need to create a local Ga3+ concentration in excess of 1.1 mM in order to achieve the desired antimicrobial effect. 24 h exposure to 1.1 mM of Ga3+ was shown to have a cytotoxic effect on human osteoblast-like cells. However, by reducing the exposure time to 6 h to simulate an “ion burst” effect (which could be achieved with a rapidly degrading film) the effect on cells was no longer classed as cytotoxic. After 14 d culture to allow the cells to recover, metabolic levels were similar to that of untreated cells. Human cell culture studies on substrate surfaces after complete film degradation showed no difference in cellular colonisation of the surface post-degradation compared to an untreated control substrate

Calculation of the effect of random superfluid density on the temperature dependence of the penetration depth

Microscopic variations in composition or structure can lead to nanoscale inhomogeneity in superconducting properties such as the magnetic penetration depth, but measurements of these properties are usually made on longer length scales. We solve a generalized London equation with a non-uniform penetration depth, lambda(r), obtaining an approximate solution for the disorder-averaged Meissner effect. We find that the effective penetration depth is different from the average penetration depth and is sensitive to the details of the disorder. These results indicate the need for caution when interpreting measurements of the penetration depth and its temperature dependence in systems which may be inhomogeneous

Generation and characterisation of gallium titanate surfaces through hydrothermal ion-exchange processes

Infection negation and biofilm prevention are necessary developments needed for implant materials. Furthermore, an increase in publications regarding gallium (Ga) as an antimicrobial ion has resulted in bacterial-inhibitory surfaces incorporating gallium as opposed to silver (Ag). The authors present the production of novel gallium titanate surfaces through hydrothermal ion-exchange reactions. Commercially-pure Ti (S0: Cp-Ti) was initially suspended in NaOH solutions to obtain sodium titanate (S1: Na2TiO3) layers ca. 0.5–1 μm in depth (2.4 at.% Na). Subsequent suspension in Ga(NO3)3 (S2: Ga2(TiO3)3), and post-heat-treatment at 700 °C (S3: Ga2(TiO3)3-HT), generated gallium titanate layers (9.4 and 4.1 at.% Ga, respectively). For the first time, RHEED analysis of gallium titanate layers was conducted and demonstrated titanate formation. Degradation studies in DMEM showed S2: Ga2(TiO3)3 released more Ga compared to S3: Ga2(TiO3)3-HT (2.76 vs. 0.68 ppm) over 168 h. Furthermore, deposition of Ca/P in a Ca:P ratio of 1.71 and 1.34, on S2: Ga2(TiO3)3 and S3: Ga2(TiO3)3-HT, respectively, over 168 h was seen. However, the study failed to replicate the antimicrobial effect presented by Yamaguchi who utilised A. baumannii, compared to S. aureus used presently. The authors feel a full antimicrobial study is required to assess gallium titanate as a candidate antimicrobial surface