AVALIAÇÃO DO NÍVEL DE DETERIORAÇÃO DO ÓLEO VEGETAL UTILIZADO EM ESTABELECIMENTOS COMERCIAIS DE DUQUE DE CAXIAS – RJ

http://dx.doi.org/10.5902/223611708729The frying process is a simplified, faster and palatable for most people. However, this process causes a number of physical and chemical changes in vegetable oil, causing adverse impacts to human health. The aim of this study was to analyze the quality of the vegetable oil used and reused in nine commercial establishments in Duque de Caxias, RJ. The evaluation of vegetable oil became possible by indexes of acidity and peroxide indicated by Institute Adolf Lutz, which are parameters to check the level of deterioration. As a result, we found high levels of acidity and the presence of peroxides in two of the samples, which makes it important to establish good practice to use, handling and storage of vegetable oil.http://dx.doi.org/10.5902/223611708729 O processo de fritura é um método simplificado, rápido e palatável para a maioria das pessoas. Porém o processo de fritura provoca uma série de alterações físicas e químicas no óleo utilizado, ocasionando impactos nocivos à saúde humana. O objetivo deste trabalho foi analisar a qualidade do óleo vegetal utilizado em processos de fritura em alguns estabelecimentos comerciais de Duque de Caxias, RJ. Para tal, foram coletadas algumas amostras para análise dos índices de acidez e peróxido. Foram encontrados elevados índices de acidez e presença de peróxidos em duas das amostras coletadas. Verificou-se a importância de estabelecer boas práticas de utilização, manuseio e armazenagem do óleo vegetal de fritura

Um levantamento sobre o processo de representação do conhecimento dos pequenso produtores de banana (Musa spp.) em Mangaratiba, RJ

The banana, the world's most widely produced and commercialized fruit, is grown in all tropical regions of the world, being strongly present in local businesses and subsistence crops serving as an important source of nutrients for the poorest populations. In the state of Rio de Janeiro it is commonly found in hillside and difficult access areas, where most other crops would not be able to settle and, because of this, is grown with inadequate management or insufficient, resulting in low productivity in the areas of Rio de Janeiro. The objective of the present work is to carry out a survey of smallholder information from the Vale do Rio Sahy Association in Mangaratiba, RJ, to enable the representation of knowledge in this domain. From the data collected in this research, it was realized that producers have been engaged in this activity for a long time. However, it was found that the knowledge used to production is extremely tacit, without systematization. The variety of banana species (Musa spp.) grown in the production area of the association's small farmers. The knowledge transfer process knowledge to the knowledge base of an expert system is called knowledge acquisition, where it involves extract all the knowledge from the source of the specialists to systematically represent in a coded form the domain information in an appropriate medium. It was observed, even if preliminarily, that this knowledge are not represented in a database for consultation. Thus, there is a need to define human expertise or producers capable of representing in a technological way data that can be conveniently accessed for Problem solving. In view of the evidence presented in the research, the use of representation of human knowledge (small local producers) to feed and train the system according to the domain presented. Thus, enabling the prototype to help understand climate and soil variables and collaborate in decision making.A banana (Musa spp.), fruta mais produzida e comercializada no mundo, é cultivada em todas as regiões tropicais do mundo, estando fortemente presente no comércio local e nas culturas de subsistência, servindo como importante fonte de nutrientes para as populações mais pobres. No estado do Rio de Janeiro é comumente encontrado em áreas de encostas e de difícil acesso, onde a maioria das outras lavouras não conseguiria se estabelecer e, por isso, é cultivado com manejo inadequado ou insuficiente, resultando em baixa produtividade nas áreas de. Rio de Janeiro. O objetivo do presente trabalho é realizar um levantamento de informações dos produtores rurais da Associação Vale do Rio Sahy em Mangaratiba, RJ, para possibilitar a representação do conhecimento neste domínio. A partir dos dados coletados nesta pesquisa, percebeu-se que os produtores estão engajados nesta atividade há muito tempo. Porém, constatou-se que o conhecimento utilizado para a produção é extremamente tácito, sem sistematização. A variedade de espécies de bananeiras (Musa spp.) Cultivadas na área de produção dos pequenos agricultores da associação. O processo de transferência de conhecimento para a base de conhecimento de um sistema especialista é denominado aquisição de conhecimento, onde envolve extrair todo o conhecimento da fonte dos especialistas para representar sistematicamente de forma codificada as informações do domínio em um meio apropriado. Observou-se, ainda que preliminarmente, que esses conhecimentos não estão representados em um banco de dados para consulta. Assim, existe a necessidade de definir expertise humana ou produtores capazes de representar de forma tecnológica dados que possam ser convenientemente acessados para resolução de problemas. Tendo em vista as evidências apresentadas na pesquisa, o uso da representação do conhecimento humano (pequenos produtores locais) para alimentar e treinar o sistema de acordo com o domínio apresentado. Desta forma, possibilita que o protótipo ajude a entender as variáveis do clima e do solo e colabore na tomada de decisões

Impact of the Application of Landfill Leachate on the Germination of Senna macranthera in Different Substrates

Landfill leachate is a potential environmental pollutant. Physicochemical analyses allow identifying its elements while the use of ecotoxicological tests aims to understand the relation with the environment. The germination assay of Senna macranthera in different substrates (filter paper, commercial-SCM, conventional-SCV and organic-SOR) was performed with different doses of leachate. The objective was to identify the potential impact of leachate by determining the concentration able to cause inhibition in 50% of the seeds (LC50) and the values of the no observable effect concentration (NOEC) and the lowest observed effect concentration (LOEC). The LC50 and LOEC occurred in the treatments with 6.25 while NOEC was with 3.125%. The test in substrates, It was not possible to identify the LC50 in the SCM. For the SCV was with 66 and in SOR with 25%. The NOEC and LOEC for SCM and SCV were 25 and 50% and in SOR with 50 and 100%.O lixiviado de aterro é um potencial poluente ambiental. Análises físico-químicas permitem identificar seus elementos enquanto o uso de testes ecotoxicológicos visa compreender a relação com o ambiente. O ensaio de germinação de Senna macranthera em diferentes substratos (papel de filtro, comercial-SCM, convencional-SCV e orgânica-SOR) foi realizada com diferentes doses de lixiviado. O objetivo foi identificar o impacto potencial do lixiviado via determinação da concentração capaz de causar inibição em 50% do sementes (CL50) e os valores da concentração de efeito não observável (CENO) e a concentração de efeitos observados (CEO). A CL50 e a CEO ocorreu nos tratamentos com 6,25% enquanto a CENO ocorreu com 3,125%. Não foi possível identificar o CL50 no SCM. Para o SCV ocorreu com 66% e em SOR com 25%. A CENO e CEO para SCM e SCV foram 25% e 50% e em SOR com 50% e 100%

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS CAUSED BY RESIDUAL VEGETABLE OIL IN THE SOIL-PLANT SYSTEM

Vegetable oils are widely used for food production at different levels: domestic, commercial or industrial. The estimated production of vegetable oil, in Brazil, is three billion liters per year. Only 2.5% of cooking oil waste (WCO) are recycled. This paper presents to evaluate the environmental impact of OVR in two Brazilian soils (sandy and loamy) and to estimate the terrestrial toxicity level (leakage test) and phytotoxicity (germination tests using lettuce seeds - Lactuca sativa L. – as well as in lettuce cultivation under greenhouse conditions). After leaching, the sandy soil had a slight lower WCO adsorption capacity than the clayey soil. The introduction of WCO caused clayey soil compaction. The WCO presence was toxic to earthworms, regardless of soil type. WCO negatively influenced germination and radicle growth in the eco toxicity assays. The different tested doses of WCO in lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) cultivation caused changes in plant morphology for all physical parameters analyzed for both soils. We concluded that the WCO is a potential contaminant residue when improperly disposed over the soil, compromising the soil-plant system.Vegetable oils are widely used for food production at different levels: domestic, commercial or industrial. The estimated production of vegetable oil, in Brazil, is three billion liters per year. Only 2.5% of cooking oil waste (WCO) are recycled. The environmental impacts caused by WCO arrangement in soils still need to be better studied. The interaction of soils and organic pollutants makes it difficult to evaluate its behavior in the environment. This paper presents to evaluate the environmental impact of OVR in two Brazilian soils (sandy and loamy) and to estimate the terrestrial toxicity level (leakage test) and phytotoxicity (germination tests using lettuce seeds - Lactuca sativa L. – as well as in lettuce cultivation under greenhouse conditions). After leaching, the sandy soil had a slight lower WCO adsorption capacity than the clayey soil. The introduction of WCO caused clayey soil compaction. The WCO presence was toxic to earthworms, regardless of soil type. WCO negatively influenced germination and radicle growth in the eco toxicity assays. The different tested doses of WCO in lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) cultivation caused changes in plant morphology for all physical parameters analyzed for both soils. We concluded that the WCO is a potential contaminant residue when improperly disposed over the soil, compromising the soil-plant system

Ecotoxicological evaluation of the application of landfill leachate on the germination of cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. capitata)

In sanitary landfills occurs the disposal of varied variety of residues that lead to the formation of leachate generated from the decomposition of urban solid wastes. Special attention should be given to leachate, as it may affect natural resources. The adoption of ecotoxicity tests may contribute to understand the relationship of pollutant with the environment in case of disposal or spillage. Thus, germination trials with cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. capitata) submitted to different dosages of landfill leachate (3.125%, 6.25%, 12.5%, 25%, 50% and 100%) were proposed in two substrates: paper filter and soil. The objective of this work was to evaluate the direct and indirect impact of the leachate on the germination of cabbage seeds, through the LC50 and the values of NOEC and LOEC. In both substrates it was not possible to determine the LC50 from the doses tested. In the paper test, the determination of LOEC, occurred with treatment 3.125%. For the soil test, the LOEC value is obtained with the 50% dose. The species presents a high potential for ecotoxicity bioassays to determine environmental impact, due to its sensitivity to variations in the environment

Evaluation of the cytotoxic and genotoxic potentials of the solubilized extract of the coffee waste using Allium cepa as a test system

The residual biomasses of coffee and other beverages generated in coffee shops, restaurants, residences, bars among others do not have registers due to the difficulty of quantifying this type of waste in different places. To analyze the toxic effects for substance or mixed substances improperly discarded should be performed toxicity tests that aim to predict the potential impact of a xenobiotic on the environment. The objective of this work was to evaluate the impact of the solubilized extract of coffe waste on the germination and development of onion seedlings (A. cepa), as well as to evaluate the cytotoxic and genotoxic potential of this extract in onion root meristematic cells. The experimental design was completely randomized, consisting of five treatments for the test group and two control group. For all treatments, 5 replicates were used. To evaluate the cytotoxicity and genotoxicity test, 5 seedlings of each treatment were removed after the germination process. Thus, from the treatment T2, the extract was able to provide a deleterious effect on germination and root growth. The extract presented a genotoxic effect in the concentration of T2 to T5 treatments, and in addition to genotoxicity, T3 to T5 treatments also showed a cytotoxic effect

Aspectos Associados à Degradação Ambiental e ao Uso de Efluentes na Agricultura do Brasil

The exploration of natural resources throughout history disregarded the impacts caused on their continuity in meeting human needs. Water is of major concern worldwide, and its scarcity makes rational use an unavoidable attitude. The use of effluents in agriculture can contribute to reducing the exploration of water resources. This study presented a bibliographical discussion and survey on reuse of waste - effluent / wastewater in agriculture - using as tools: the history of exploration and the degradation of natural resources in urban and rural areas; And an overview of the use of effluents in agriculture. It is concluded that the degradation of natural resources, combined with climate change and the constant increase of population and their needs, are the basic subsidies to stimulate research on the use of effluents, in agriculture and related activities.A exploração dos recursos naturais ao longo da história desconsiderou os impactos causados sobre a sua continuidade no atendimento às necessidades humanas. A água apresenta a maior preocupação a nível mundial, e a sua escassez torna o uso racional uma atitude inevitável. A utilização de efluentes na agricultura pode contribuir na redução da exploração dos recursos hídricos. Esse estudo apresentou uma discussão e levantamento bibliográfico sobre reaproveitamento de resíduo - efluente/água residuária na agricultura - utilizando como ferramentas: o histórico da exploração e a degradação dos recursos naturais em áreas urbanas e rurais; e um panorama do uso de efluentes na agricultura. Conclui-se que a degradação dos recursos naturais, aliada as mudanças climáticas e ao constante aumento da população e de suas necessidades, são os subsídios básicos para que se estimulem as pesquisas quanto ao uso de efluentes, na agricultura e atividades afins