The Helotiales of India-VII

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Chlorophyll and carotenoid content of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) seedlings under heat stress as affected by trehalose application

Presently, chlorophyll and carotenoid contents were evaluated under control (25±2°C), heat stress (35±2°C and 40±2°C) and interactive effect of heat stress and trehalose in six wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) genotypes (HD2967, PBW175, C306, PBW343, PBW621 and PBW590). Trehalose an osmoprotectant, at concen-tration of 1mM and 1.5mM was applied at 7 days after sowing (DAS) followed by heat stress of 35±2°C (moderate) and 40±2°C (severe) on 8DAS for 4 and8 hours. As chloroplast thylakoid membranes, are highly vulnerable to heat stress, the chlorophyll content decreased with increased temperature stress in all selected genotypes. Heat stress significantly reduced (P< 0.05) the carotenoid content in all genotypes. Severe heat stress (8 hours) more adversely affected these mentioned parameters. The application of Trehalose @ 1.5mM as compared with 1mM concentration was found more effective to ameliorate the adverse effect of heat stress on chlorophyll and carotenoid contents to sustain photosynthetic process

Effect of various trace elements on the growth and sporulation of Claviceps Microcephala and Microxyphiella hibiscifolia

Out of fifteen trace elements tested, Fe, Zn, Mn and Cu were found to be essential for the growth as well as sporulation of Claviceps microcephala and Microxyphiella hibiscifolia; Mo for C. microcephala but not for M. hibiscifolia; Ca for M. hibiscifolia but not for C. microcephala. No other trace element was found to be essential for either of these fungi. Optimum concentrations in ppm of essential trace elements were found to be as follows: C. microcephala, Fe 0.2, Zn 0.1, Mn 1.0, Cu 0.01 (0.01-0.1) and Mo 1.0; M. hibiscifolia, Fe 0.01 (0.01-0.1), Zn 10.0, Mn 1.0, Cu 10.0 and Ca 10.0. Concentrations higher than the optimum were progressively inhibitory to the respective fungi

Recent Advances in Measurement of Oxalate in Biological Materials

Hyperoxaluria is the predominant risk factor in urinary stone disease. A specific, accurate and reliable oxalate assay for urine and plasma is very important for both the diagnosis and efficient management of patients. A review of the advantages and disadvantages of various methods of oxalate determination is presented and is followed by the authors\u27 recommendations

Genus Ramaria in the Eastern Himalaya: subgenus Laeticolora-I

In this paper an account of 11 taxa of the genus Ramaria (Fr.) Bonorden collected from different localities in the eastern Himalaya and adjoining hills is given. Of the taxa included, Ramaria conjunctipes, Ramaria araiospora var. rubella, Ramaria xanthosperma, Ramaria rubribrunnescens, Ramaria flavigelatinosa, Ramaria flavigelatinosa var.carnisalmonea and Ramaria gelatiniaurantia are new records for the Himalayas; while Ramaria rubrogelatinosa, Ramaria brevispora, Ramaria brevispora var. albida and Ramaria perbrunnea were not known earlier from the eastern Himalaya

Synaptic input to dentate granule cell basal dendrites in a rat model of temporal lobe epilepsy.

In patients with temporal lobe epilepsy some dentate granule cells develop basal dendrites. The extent of excitatory synaptic input to basal dendrites is unclear, nor is it known whether basal dendrites receive inhibitory synapses. We used biocytin to intracellularly label individual granule cells with basal dendrites in epileptic pilocarpine-treated rats. An average basal dendrite had 3.9 branches, was 612 microm long, and accounted for 16% of a cell's total dendritic length. In vivo intracellular labeling and postembedding GABA-immunocytochemistry were used to evaluate synapses with basal dendrites reconstructed from serial electron micrographs. An average of 7% of 1,802 putative synapses were formed by GABA-positive axon terminals, indicating synaptogenesis by interneurons. Ninety-three percent of the identified synapses were GABA-negative. Most GABA-negative synapses were with spines, but at least 10% were with dendritic shafts. Multiplying basal dendrite length/cell and synapse density yielded an estimate of 180 inhibitory and 2,140 excitatory synapses per granule cell basal dendrite. Based on previous estimates of synaptic input to granule cells in control rats, these findings suggest an average basal dendrite receives approximately 14% of the total inhibitory and 19% of excitatory synapses of a cell. These findings reveal that basal dendrites are a novel source of inhibitory input, but they primarily receive excitatory synapses

The impact of improved access to after-hours primary care on emergency department and primary care utilization: A systematic review.

Access to after-hours primary care is problematic in many developed countries, leading patients to instead visit the emergency department for non-urgent conditions. However, emergency department utilization for conditions treatable in primary care settings may contribute to emergency department overcrowding and increased health system costs. This systematic review examines the impact of various initiatives by developed countries to improve access to after-hours primary care on emergency department and primary care utilization. We performed a systematic review on the impact of improved access to after-hours primary and searched CINAHL, EMBASE, MEDLINE, and Scopus. We identified 20 studies that examined the impact of improved access to after-hours primary care on ED utilization and 6 studies that examined the impact on primary care utilization. Improved access to after-hours primary care was associated with increased primary care utilization, but had a mixed effect on emergency department utilization, with limited evidence of a reduction in non-urgent and semi-urgent emergency department visits. Although our review suggests that improved access to after-hours primary care may limit emergency department utilization by shifting patient care from the emergency department back to primary care, rigorous research in a given institutional context is required before introducing any initiative to improve access to after-hours primary care

Emergency department use following incentives to provide after-hours primary care: a retrospective cohort study.

BACKGROUND: Access to primary care outside of regular working hours is limited in many countries. This study investigates the relation between the after-hours premium, an incentive for primary care physicians to provide services after hours, and less-urgent visits to the emergency department in Ontario, Canada. METHODS: We analyzed a retrospective cohort of a random sample of Ontario residents from April 2002 to March 2006, and a subcohort of patients followed from April 2005 to March 2016. We linked patient and primary care physician data with emergency department visit data. We used fixed-effects regression models to analyze the association between the introduction of the after-hours premium, as well as subsequent increases in the value of the premium, and the number of monthly emergency department visits. RESULTS: The sample consisted of 586 534 patients between 2002 and 2006, and 201 594 patients from 2005 to 2016. After controlling for patient and physician characteristics, seasonality and time-invariant patient confounding factors, introduction of the after-hours premium was associated with a reduction of 1.26 less-urgent visits to the emergency department per 1000 patients per month (95% confidence interval -1.48 to -1.04). Most of this reduction was observed in after-hours visits. Sensitivity analysis showed that the monthly reduction in less-urgent visits to the emergency department was in the range of -1.24 to -1.16 per 1000 patients. Subsequent increases in the after-hours premium were associated with a small reduction in less-urgent visits to the emergency department. INTERPRETATION: Ontario\u27s experience suggests that incentivizing physicians to improve access to after-hours primary care reduces some less-urgent visits to the emergency department. Other jurisdictions may consider incentives to limit less-urgent visits to the emergency department