Crassicauda boopis in a fin whale (Balaenoptera physalus) ship-struck in the eastern North Atlantic Ocean

On 9 November 2015, a juvenile male fin whale of 11·60 m length was observed on the bulb of a merchant vessel in the Channel Terneuzen – Ghent (The Netherlands – Belgium). A severe parasitosis was present in the right heart ventricle and caudal caval vein. Parasites were identified as Crassicauda boopis based on macroscopic and microscopic observations. The sequence of the 18S rRNA gene obtained from the parasite samples was 100% similar to the sequence of the 18S rRNA gene from Crassicauda magna available on GenBank. While adults of C. boopis and C. magna are morphologically distinct and found at different locations in the body, the molecular analysis of the 18S rRNA gene seems insufficient for reliable species identification. Although numerous C. boopis were found, the cause of death was identified as due to the collision with the ship, as suggested by the presence of a large haematoma, and the absence of evidence of renal failure. The young age of this whale and the absence of severe chronic reaction may suggest that the infestation was not yet at an advanced chronic stage

Stranding of a humpback whale (Megaptera novaeangliae) on the Belgian coast

peer reviewe

Observations on the Helminths of Harbour Porpoises (Phocoena Phocoena) and Common Guillemots (Uria Aalge) from the Belgian and German Coasts

Between February 1990 and July 1991, 18 harbour porpoises (Phocoena phocoena) and 248 common guillemots (Uria aalge), found dead along the Belgian and German coasts, were examined for their burden of helminths. A total of three species were found in the guillemots (one cestode, one nematode and one pentastomid), and six species in the porpoises (one trematode, one cestode and four nematodes). Among the guillemots the burden of helminths was not statistically different between juvenile and adult birds. The deaths of the birds were apparently not related to the parasite infections. In contrast, the adult porpoises were more heavily parasitised than the juveniles, except for one young porpoise stranded on the Belgian coast. In the porpoises, four species of parasites had a pathological effect and Torynurus convolutus was responsible for the death of one animal from the Belgian coast and three from the German coast

Harbour porpoise thyroids: Histological investigations and potential interactions with environmental factors

The thyroid plays an important role in development and is of primary importance in metabolism and heat loss for cetaceans, including the harbor porpoise (Phocoena phocoena). Several studies have demonstrated that environmental contaminants can alter various aspects of thyroid function in mammals and may contribute to various histologic changes. The present study completes the data set of a 2006 study by Das et al., by performing histological and immunohistologic investigations on thyroids of 36 harbor porpoises from Belgian and United Kingdom waters. The number and mean diameter of follicles (µm) and the relative proportion of follicular, connective, and vascular tissue (%) were quantified in the thyroid gland of each individual. Interfollicular fibrosis has been observed in these thyroid glands, and the collective findings support the hypothesis of an endocrine disruption of thyroid function through organochlorinated compounds. Our study aimed also to reveal potential relationships between thyroid morphometric data and metal levels (Cd, Fe, Zn, Cu, Se, and Hg) using multivariate statistical analysis. The multiple regressions revealed statistically significant relationships between trace elements (cadmium, selenium, and copper) and thyroid fibrosis. The largely negative relationships are interesting findings but do not support the hypothesis that these elements have an adverse effect on thyroid morphometry. Further research is needed to understand the nature of any relationship between organochlorine and trace element exposure and thyroid gland morphology and function in harbor porpoises.Peer reviewe

Lesions of morbillivirus infection in a fin whale (Balaenoptera physalus) stranded along the Belgian coast

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Pigeon circovirus: baculovirus expression of the capsid protein gene, specific antibody and viral load measured by real time polymerase chain reaction

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Pathological investigations on guillemots (Uria aalge) stranded on the Belgian coast during the winter of 1993-94

peer reviewedPathological investigations were carried out on 67 guillemots (Uria aalge) washed up on the Belgian coast between November 1993 and March 1994. Emaciation and acute haemorrhagic gastroenteropathy were observed in more than 70 per cent of the birds. There was no statistical relationship between the level of oil contamination and the severity of the lesions. Differences in bodyweight were accounted for by age, sex, emaciation, and acute haemorrhagic gastroenteropathy. The birds had a severe weight deficit but the concentrations of pollutants were below acutely toxic levels

Interfollicular fibrosis and organohalogens in the thyroid of the harbour porpoise (phocoena phocoena) of the British and Belgian coasts

Previous studies have described high levels of polychlorobiphenyls (PCB), p,p`-dichlordiphenyl-dichlorethen (DDT), p,p`-dichlordiphenyl-trichlorethan (DDE) and polybrominated diphenylether (PBDE) in the blubber of the harbour porpoise (Phocoena phocoena) from the North Sea raising the question of a potential endocrine disruption in this species. In the present study, the thyroids of 36 harbour porpoises from the British and the Belgian coast have been collected for histological and immunohistological investigations. The number and mean diameter of follicles and the relative distribution of follicular, connective and vascular tissues (%) were quantified in the thyroid of each individual. Then, the relationship between the thyroid morphometry data and previously described organic compounds (namely PCB, DDT, DDE and PBDE) was investigated using factor analysis and multiple regressions. The results of this work were compared to the previous study of harbour porpoises from the German (North and Baltic Seas), Norwegian and Icelandic coasts. Thyroid morphology was similar between the harbour porpoises from the British and Belgian coast. Compared to the previous study, the thyroids differed strongly between sampling sites. Porpoises from the German (North and Baltic Seas) and Norwegian coasts displayed a high percentage of connective tissues between 30 and 38% revealing severe inter-follicular fibrosis. The thyroids of Icelandic coasts displayed only a light inter-follicular fibrosis (percentage of connective tissue of 3%). The thyroids of the porpoises from the British and Belgian coasts occupied an intermediary place with a moderate fibrosis (percentage of connective tissue of 10%). A relation between mean diameter of follicles and the body size and mass suggesting a downward trend of activity of the thyroid with increasing body size and mass and thus, the age of the porpoises. A correlation-based principal component analysis (PCA) revealed one principal components explaining 69% of the total variance. The variables PCB, PBDE, DDT, and DDE compounds loaded highest on PC1. Our results pointed out a relationship between PCBs, PBDE, DDE and DDT (PC1) compounds and interfollicular fibrosis in the thyroids of harbour porpoises from the German coast of the Baltic Sea. The present report supports the hypothesis of a contaminant-induced thyroid fibrosis in harbour porpoises raising the question of the long term-viability in highly polluted area

Genetic and historic evidence for climate-driven population fragmentation in a top cetacean predator: the harbour porpoises in European water

Recent climate change has triggered profound reorganization in northeast Atlantic ecosystems, with substantial impact on the distribution of marine assemblages from plankton to fishes. However, assessing the repercussions on apex marine predators remains a challenging issue, especially for pelagic species. In this study, we use Bayesian coalescent modelling of microsatellite variation to track the population demographic history of one of the smallest temperate cetaceans, the harbour porpoise (Phocoena phocoena) in European waters. Combining genetic inferences with palaeo-oceanographic and historical records provides strong evidence that populations of harbour porpoises have responded markedly to the recent climate-driven reorganization in the eastern North Atlantic food web. This response includes the isolation of porpoises in Iberian waters from those further north only approximately 300 years ago with a predominant northward migration, contemporaneous with the warming trend underway since the ‘Little Ice Age’ period and with the ongoing retreat of cold-water fishes from the Bay of Biscay. The extinction or exodus of harbour porpoises from the Mediterranean Sea (leaving an isolated relict population in the Black Sea) has lacked a coherent explanation. The present results suggest that the fragmentation of harbour distribution range in the Mediterranean Sea was triggered during the warm ‘Mid-Holocene Optimum’ period (approx. 5000 years ago), by the end of the post-glacial nutrient-rich ‘Sapropel’ conditions that prevailed before that time