Ład akademicki w krajach Unii Europejskiej, Stanach Zjednoczonych i Polsce

 “Academic governance” is a term which is little known and rarely used in Polish literaturę. However, this term is essential to understand the extensive literaturę on higher education reforms and models published in various countries. When discussing academic governance Solutions, Polish literaturę usually uses the term system (system) to refer to the external environment of universities and the term ustrój (internal organisation) to talk about Solutions within universities. In the first part of his paper, the author defines the notions of academic governance, external academic governance and internal academic governance and then discusses academic governance Solutions in the European Union, English-speaking countries (example of the USA) and in Poland. While in 1960s the European reforms of academic governance were inspired by public governance, the governance structures in the private sector have become the model in recent years. Research confirms that the changes in governance are heading, albeit falteringly, towards an increased marketisation of the European higher education. In Poland, the marketisation of the education system has meant, above all, the emergence of the non-public sector alongside a non-market system, the latter persisting in the public higher education sector. Ład akademicki (academic governance) to termin mato znany i rzadko używany  w polskiej literaturze przedmiotu. Bez jego wprowadzenia trudno jednak czerpać  z dorobku bogatej literatury światowej na temat reform i modeli szkolnictwa wyższego.  W polskiej literaturze przy omawianiu rozwiązań dotyczących ładu akademickiego  w zewnętrznym otoczeniu uczelni używa się zwykle terminu „system”, jeśli natomiast  omawia się rozwiązania wewnątrz uczelni, stosuje się zazwyczaj termin „ustrój”.  W pierwszej części artykułu autor definiuje pojęcia „ład akademicki” oraz „zewnętrzny  ład akademicki” i „wewnętrzny ład akademicki”, w następnych omawia rozwiązania  w dziedzinie ładu akademickiego w Unii Europejskiej, w krajach anglosaskich  (na przykładzie Stanów Zjednoczonych) oraz w Polsce.  Podczas gdy w latach sześćdziesiątych )0( w. europejskie reformy ładu akademickiego  czerpały inspirację z ładu publicznego, to obecnie wzorcem są struktury  zarządzania w sektorze prywatnym. Wyniki badań potwierdzają, że zmiany sterowania  systemu idą, choć niepewnym krokiem, w kierunku większego urynkowienia  europejskiego obszaru szkolnictwa wyższego. W Polsce urynkowienie systemu  szkolnictwa jak dotąd polegało głównie na stworzeniu sektora szkół niepublicznych,  z jednoczesnym zachowaniem systemu nierynkowego w publicznym sektorze  szkolnictwa wyższego

Null Lagrangians of non-local field theories

This manuscript provides a characterisation of the equivalence class of classical smooth Lagrangian densities that involve terms depending on two distinct points of the underlying Euclidean base space of the theory. Theories of this type are referred to as non-local field theories, which are of particular interest in the group field theory approach to quantum gravity. The notion of equivalence of Lagrangian densities is set by physical indistinguishability by means of their equations of motion whose derivation is shown briefly. We expect our results to give a more comprehensive view on the non-local Noether theorem regarding divergence symmetries

Attention, Filling in The Gaps for Generalization in Routing Problems

Machine Learning (ML) methods have become a useful tool for tackling vehicle routing problems, either in combination with popular heuristics or as standalone models. However, current methods suffer from poor generalization when tackling problems of different sizes or different distributions. As a result, ML in vehicle routing has witnessed an expansion phase with new methodologies being created for particular problem instances that become infeasible at larger problem sizes. This paper aims at encouraging the consolidation of the field through understanding and improving current existing models, namely the attention model by Kool et al. We identify two discrepancy categories for VRP generalization. The first is based on the differences that are inherent to the problems themselves, and the second relates to architectural weaknesses that limit the model's ability to generalize. Our contribution becomes threefold: We first target model discrepancies by adapting the Kool et al. method and its loss function for Sparse Dynamic Attention based on the alpha-entmax activation. We then target inherent differences through the use of a mixed instance training method that has been shown to outperform single instance training in certain scenarios. Finally, we introduce a framework for inference level data augmentation that improves performance by leveraging the model's lack of invariance to rotation and dilation changes.Comment: Accepted at ECML-PKDD 202

Routing Arena: A Benchmark Suite for Neural Routing Solvers

Neural Combinatorial Optimization has been researched actively in the last eight years. Even though many of the proposed Machine Learning based approaches are compared on the same datasets, the evaluation protocol exhibits essential flaws and the selection of baselines often neglects State-of-the-Art Operations Research approaches. To improve on both of these shortcomings, we propose the Routing Arena, a benchmark suite for Routing Problems that provides a seamless integration of consistent evaluation and the provision of baselines and benchmarks prevalent in the Machine Learning- and Operations Research field. The proposed evaluation protocol considers the two most important evaluation cases for different applications: First, the solution quality for an a priori fixed time budget and secondly the anytime performance of the respective methods. By setting the solution trajectory in perspective to a Best Known Solution and a Base Solver's solutions trajectory, we furthermore propose the Weighted Relative Average Performance (WRAP), a novel evaluation metric that quantifies the often claimed runtime efficiency of Neural Routing Solvers. A comprehensive first experimental evaluation demonstrates that the most recent Operations Research solvers generate state-of-the-art results in terms of solution quality and runtime efficiency when it comes to the vehicle routing problem. Nevertheless, some findings highlight the advantages of neural approaches and motivate a shift in how neural solvers should be conceptualized

Experiencing space–time: the stretched lifeworlds of migrant workers in India

In the relatively rare instances when the spatialities of temporary migrant work, workers’ journeys, and labour-market negotiations have been the subject of scholarly attention, there has been little work that integrates time into the analysis. Building on a case study of low-paid and insecure migrant manual workers in the context of rapid economic growth in India, we examine both material and subjective dimensions of these workers’ spatiotemporal experiences. What does it mean to live life stretched out, multiplyattached to places across national space? What kinds of place attachments emerge for people temporarily sojourning in, rather than moving to, new places to reside and work? Our analysis of the spatiotemporalities of migrant workers’ experiences in India suggests that, over time, this group of workers use their own agency to seek to avoid the experience of humiliation and indignity in employment relations. Like David Harvey, we argue that money needs to be integrated into such analysis, along with space and time. The paper sheds light on processes of exclusion, inequality and diff erentiation, unequal power geometries, and social topographies that contrast with neoliberalist narratives of ‘Indian shining

Imagining Artificial Intelligence Applications with People with Visual Disabilities Using Tactile Ideation

There has been a surge in artificial intelligence (AI) technologies co-opted by or designed for people with visual disabilities. Researchers and engineers have pushed technical boundaries in areas such as computer vision, natural language processing, location inference, and wearable computing. But what do people with visual disabilities imagine as their own technological future? To explore this question, we developed and carried out tactile ideation workshops with participants in the UK and India. Our participants generated a large and diverse set of ideas, most focusing on ways to meet needs related to social interaction. In some cases, this was a matter of recognizing people. In other cases, they wanted to be able to participate in social situations without foregrounding their disability. It was striking that this finding was consistent across UK and India despite substantial cultural and infrastructural differences. In this paper, we describe a new technique for working with people with visual disabilities to imagine new technologies that are tuned to their needs and aspirations. Based on our experience with these workshops, we provide a set of social dimensions to consider in the design of new AI technologies: social participation, social navigation, social maintenance, and social independence. We offer these social dimensions as a starting point to forefront users' social needs and desires as a more deliberate consideration for assistive technology design

The effects of foreign language programmes in early childhood education and care: a systematic review

This systematic review investigates the effects of foreign language programmes in early childhood education and care (ECEC), which are increasingly popular. Foreign language ECEC centres familiarise very young children with a foreign language, and in general also expose them to the majority language. This review synthesises research on the effects of foreign language ECEC on children’s development of the foreign language, majority language, first language, and wellbeing, as well as programme-related and child-related factors that influence language development and wellbeing. The reviewed studies indicate that foreign language ECEC fosters foreign language development, without negatively impacting the majority and first language. Children can experience positive wellbeing in these programmes, but only if programmes are play-based and if the language policy is not too strict. Some studies report that programme characteristics, such as input quantity, language policy, and teacher strategies, modulate the effects of foreign language ECEC on language development and wellbeing. Few of the reviewed studies examined child characteristics, but the available findings indicate that children’s age, as well as their temperament and in-class behaviour, are related to foreign language learning. However, these findings need to be interpreted with caution, because research into foreign language ECEC is still in its infancy

Solving the Traveling Salesperson Problem with Precedence Constraints by Deep Reinforcement Learning

This work presents solutions to the Traveling Salesperson Problem with precedence constraints (TSPPC) using Deep Reinforcement Learning (DRL) by adapting recent approaches that work well for regular TSPs. Common to these approaches is the use of graph models based on multi-head attention (MHA) layers. One idea for solving the pickup and delivery problem (PDP) is using heterogeneous attentions to embed the different possible roles each node can take. In this work, we generalize this concept of heterogeneous attentions to the TSPPC. Furthermore, we adapt recent ideas to sparsify attentions for better scalability. Overall, we contribute to the research community through the application and evaluation of recent DRL methods in solving the TSPPC.Comment: This preprint has not undergone peer review or any post-submission improvements or corrections. The Version of Record of this contribution is published in KI 2022: Advances in Artificial Intelligence, and is available online at https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-15791-2_1

Tree species driving functional properties of mobile organic matter in throughfall and forest floor solutions of beech, spruce and pine forests

The chemical nature of mobile organic matter is a prerequisite for advancing our understanding of the C and nutrient cycling and other forest ecosystem processes. Tree species differ in leaf composition (e.g. nutrient, polyphenol content) and leaf litter quality, which in turn affects a variety of ecosystem processes. However, the composition of OM derived from living plant material via throughfall (TF) and its compositional fate traversing the forest floor (FF) is insufficiently understood. Are there tree-species specific differences in functional properties (e.g. aromaticity) of OM in TF and FF solutions collected from pine, spruce and different beech stands? And if yes- how do functional properties change with tree species and ecosystem compartment (throughfall vs. forest floor)? We addressed these questions by applying solid-state C-13 NMR spectroscopy to TF and FF solutions from European beech forests of the three DFG “Biodiversity Exploratories”, from Norway spruce sites of the Hainich-Dün-Exploratory and Scots pine stands in East-Thuringia. C-13 NMR spectroscopy revealed a homogeneous composition of TF-DOM under beech between the three Exploratories and exhibited remarkable tree-species related differences in DOM composition: Compared to spruce and pine, TF-DOM under beech showed higher intensities of aromatic and phenolic C (beech > pine > spruce) and lower ones of alkyl-C (pine ≈ spruce > beech). Consequently, beech TF exhibited higher aromaticity values and lower alkyl/O-alkyl ratios (i.e. extent of decomposition) in comparison to coniferous TF-DOM. FF-DOM under beech was very similar between the three “Biodiversity Exploratories” and surprisingly analog to FF-DOM under spruce, while under pine higher intensities of aromatic and phenolic C and alkyl-C (pine > beech ≈ spruce) and lower O-alkyl-C signals were observed. Thus, pine FF-DOM exhibited the highest values for both aromaticity (28%) and decomposition (0.87). In essence, tree-species effects became most notable for the composition and functionality of DOM in TF exhibiting consistently the highest aromatic and phenolic C signals for the beech sites. In view of the allelopathic effectiveness of phenolic compounds, the results might point to an increased allelopathic potential of beech TF, which successfully impairs competing plants and organisms and hence alter ecosystem processes and functioning. In the end, the ecological functions of DOM in ecosystems are still imperfectly understood