The Formulation of British Colonial Policy in Myanmar under Dyarchy

Myanmar was inserted in the British India as province after the occupation of Myanmar by the British who were well-experienced with colonial administration. Dyarchy was granted to Myanmar on the 2nd January 1923 according to “the Government of India Act and it was 4 years later than that of India. Dyarchy signifies a ruling of both administrative bodies. On one hand, the administrative system operated by the ministers appointed by the Governor-General and on the other hand, the ministers elected by Myanmar people. Yet, entire authoritative power was held by Viceroy and British officials. Thus the colonialism practiced by the British was just ruling by disintegration of political unity. The British government avoided using the strategy of cracking down the opposition of the Myanmar indigenous tribes as political tactics. According to the colonial policy of Divide and Rule, the ministers appointed by the central Government of India and Governor-General, took charge of important departments such as internal affairs, finance and foreign affairs. Myanmar ministers were assigned only in the unimportant departments like public works. As to the indigenous people’s affairs, hilly regions of Kachin, Kayah, Chin and Shan were acknowledged as backward regions and they were excluded in the administration. Dyarchy was just a way of procrastination not to offer “Home Rule” to Myanmar people. For that policy, the leading GCBA association which was the most active and patriotic campaign against the exploited British colonial administration split into two. Another tactic of the English was that the problem of separation and anti-separation. The problem of separation and anti-separation of Myanmar from India became a strongly controversy among the whole Myanmar people. As a consequence, the united Myanmar political organization disintegrated and the claim for “Home Rule” which was the people’s desire of that period had to fade away. The colonial policies practiced by the English during the administration of Dyarchy which gave great assistance to the long lasting colonial administration

analysing the factors that affect effectiveness of foreign aid in Myanmar

Thesis(Master) --KDI School:Master of Public Policy,2017This study examines the effectiveness of foreign aid in Myanmar especially in health sector. This study also examines the relationship between foreign aid and infant mortality rate of Myanmar, Cambodia and Viet Nam for 2002 -2015. The empirical results show that there is negative relationship between foreign aid and infant mortality rate. The foreign aid can be effective with sound governance and lower rate of corruption. Infant mortality rate can be reduced with good sanitation facilities and decreasing number of HIV/AIDS addicted person. This study uses the SPSS regression method for analyzing the relationship between factors.I. Introduction II Literature Review III. Hypotheses Development IV. Theoretical Background V. Methodology VI. Data Analysis VII. ConclusionsmasterpublishedWin THIDA

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熊本大

A Modified Quantization Based Image Compression Technique using Walsh-Hadamard Transform

A new quantization table using the nearest maximum common prime factor is generated for image compression using Walsh-Hadamard Transform (WHT). Image compression is important for many applications that involve huge data storage and transmission such as multimedia, video conferencing and medical imaging. In the proposed system, RGB components of color image are converted to YCbCr color image. Then an image is divided into 8x8 pixel block for each block. WHT based image compression is used to lossy image compression. The prime based new quantization table is created to reduce the quantization error (QE) bit in the quantization step. After the image is quantized, Huffman coding is a technique for representing the quantized coefficients as compactly as possible. The reverse process takes place for image decompression. The image compression system using WHT, standard quantization table, Huffman coding is also created. The performances are compared between original system and proposed system using performance parameters such as Compression ratio, Bit Per Pixel, Mean Square Error, Peak Signal to Noise Ratio and Time.

Myanmar traditional medicine formulations and their antioxidant, antiglycation and alpha-glucosidase inhibitory activities: Potentials for antidiabetes complications

Myanmar Traditional Medicine (MTM) has been used since ancient times to treat life-threatening diseases like diabetes. In this study, various in vitro assays were used to prove that four MTM formulations were effective at treating diabetes. Antioxidant activities were determined using in vitro DPPH, nitric oxide (NO), and superoxide (SO) radical scavenging assays. The Folin-Ciocalteu method was used to quantify the total phenolic content, while the BSA-fluorescent antiglycation and α-glucosidase inhibitory assays were utilized to determine the antidiabetic activity of MTMs. Among the tested samples, MTM3 showed the best activities for almost all the biological assays tested in this experiment with the % inhibition of 82.89 ± 1.64 for NO and 65.02 ± 2.82 for SO radical scavenging activity, 92.12 ± 1.18 for α-glucosidase inhibitory activity and IC50 of 180.29 ± 1.6 µg/ml for the antiglycation activity. It also possessed the highest total phenolic content of 149.41 ± 3.7 mg GAE/g of extract/l among the tested samples. Therefore, the findings suggested that MTM could help diabetic patients improve their quality of life through antioxidant activity against several free radicals and their antiglycation and α-glucosidase inhibitory characteristics

Anti-hyperglycemic Activity in Vitro, Actuate Toxicity in Vivo and Antioxidant Activity of the Crude Extract of the Root of Plumeria alba L.

Medicinal plants are the single most productive sources for the development of drugs and play an important role in treating and preventing a variety of diseases through the world.  Plumeria alba Linn. commonly known as Tayoke-sakar-aphyu in Myanmar is one of the medicinal plants belonging to Apocynaceae family. The pharmacological studies were carried out to investigate antimicrobial activity, antioxidant activity, anti-hyperglycemic activity in vitro and acute toxicity in vivo. The main aim of the present research is to evaluate the biological activities of the root of Plumeria alba L, Firstly, phytochemical screening of the collected sample was performed. Elemental composition of the crude sample was examined by EDXRF (Energy Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence) spectroscopy. Moreover three different solvents such as ethanol, ethyl acetate and n-hexane extracts of the sample were examined for their antimicrobial activities against Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Bacillus pumilus, Candida albicans and E. coli by Agar- well diffusion method. The antioxidant activity of ethanol extract of the root of Plumeria alba L. was studied by DPPH (1,1-Diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrayl) assay. The acute toxicity of ethanol extract of the root of Plumeria alba L. on Artemia salinna were investigated. The glucose lowering activities of the water and ethanol extracts of the sample were determined by iodometric titration

Characterization and some Bioactivities of the Synthesized Citrus Pectin-ZnO Nanocomposites from Citron and Pomelo Fruits Peels

Pectin was extracted from the peels of citrus fruits (Citron: Citrus medica L. and Pomelo: Citrus maxima Merr.). In the extraction of fresh and dry pectin, acidic hydrolysis of the fresh or dry fruit peel samples was carried out followed by precipitation with ethanol. The yield percents of extracted pectins were 4.53 % (based on fresh peel) and 21.41 % (based on dried peel) from citron peels, and 3.03 % (based on fresh peel) and 9.18 % (based on dried peel) from pomelo peels. Extracted pectins were characterized by XRD, SEM, FT IR and TG-DTA analysis. The citrus pectin–ZnO nanocomposites were prepared by using co-precipitation method. Citron peel pectin-ZnO (CPPT-ZnO) nanocomposite (90.25 % yield) and pomelo peel pectin-ZnO (PPPT-ZnO) nanocomposite (64.95 % yield ) were prepared by using zinc nitrate and 0.2 M sodium hydroxide solution at 28 ± 0.5 oC. The stirring time require for CPPT-ZnO was found to be 1.5 h and that required for PPPT-ZnO was 2h.  The characteristics of the prepared citrus pectin-ZnO nanocomposites were studied by XRD, SEM, FT IR, TG-DTA, AAS and ED XRF (with C-H balance) spectroscopic methods.  The crystallite sizes of CPPT-ZnO and PPPT-ZnO were 32.30 nm and 24.46 nm determined by XRD analysis.The morphological observation of the SEM results revealed that the sizes of ZnO in CPPT-ZnO and PPPT-ZnO were 70.59 nm and 61.55 nm, and were embedded in the pectin matrix. AAS analyses showed that the zinc ion concentrations in CPPT-ZnO and PPPT-ZnO prepared at 28 ± 0.5 oC were 3.88 × 105 ppm and 5.27 × 105 ppm. Both of the tested samples (CPPT-ZnO and PPPT-ZnO) were observed to show antimicrobial activity with inhibition zone diameters ranged between 15 mm to 20 mm against two tested microorganisms such as Bacillus substilis and Staphylococcus aureus and only CPPT-ZnO aginsted Escherichia coli with inhibition zone diameters of 12 mm. Although both nanocomposites were active in tumor inhibitions, only the CPPT-ZnO was taken as positive in tumor inhibitions which shows inhibition percents 37.09 % (» 20%)

Factors associated with psychological distress among Myanmar residents during COVID-19 pandemic crises

Background: COVID-19 pandemic reached a public health emergency status of international concern. The impacts and events associated with this were associated with adverse psychological impacts among the general public globally. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of psychological distress and to identify predictors associated with psychological distress due to the COVID-19 pandemic among the population in Myanmar. Design and Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted from March to April 2020 among adults, 18 years old and above, who reside in Myanmar through a structured questionnaire distributed in social media platforms. Univariate and Bivariate analyses were used to estimate the prevalence of COVID-19 Peritraumatic Distress Index (CPDI) symptoms and to test the associations between CPDI and the exposure variables. Logistic Regression Analysis was done to identify significant predictors of distress. Results: There were 530 participants in this study.37.4% of them did not have psychological distress,55.6% experienced mild to moderate psychological distress, and 7% experienced severe psychological distress due to COVID-19 pandemic. Simple and Multiple Logistic Regression Analyses were performed to determine the factors associated with psychological distress due to COVID-19. Conclusions: It was shown that the self-employed group and age group older than 45 years old had more psychological distress than others. However, Buddhists and people from the capital city had less distress than other religions and districts. This study recommends the government to develop better strategies for self-employed groups, elders, and the poor for a support, relief, and resettlement of their ruined status

Prevalence of Depression and its Associated Factors Among Adults during Third Wave of COVID-19 Pandemic in Malaysia, 2021

Malaysia recently entered third-wave of COVID-19 pandemic starting from October 2020 to end of January 2021. Therefore, objective of our study was to identify the prevalence of depression and its associated factors among adults during third wave of COVID-19 pandemic in Malaysia. A total of 1468 Malaysian adults participated in this cross-sectional web-based survey. A standardized questionnaire was generated using the Google Form, and the link was shared through social media such as Facebook, Twitter, Instagram and WhatsApp. Patient Health Questionnaires (PHQ-9) was used to assess the levels of depression. Among 1468 participants, 320 (22 %) and 358 (24.6 %) indicated to have moderate to severe depression during third-wave of COVID-19 in Malaysia. Multiple predictors were identified that contributed to depression. These included female gender, family’s source income affected by the pandemic, do not perform exercise, victim of abuse and those with family and/or friends infected with COVID-19 virus. COVID-19 pandemic had caused the implementation of lockdown and physical distancing in Malaysia and nations across the globe. The pandemic had brought serious negative impacts on mental health of the adults especially depression especially during third wave of pandemic. The findings of our study suggested that new interventions or strategies are needed to be developed to address the severity of depression among Malaysian adults