The reconstruction of national identity following tragic events

When large-scale tragedies occur in the United States, the national identity is shaken. Immediately after the event, as well as on anniversaries of the tragedy, the media work to reconstruct that identity in their editorial pages. I analyze several sets of editorials written immediately after and on the anniversaries of three American tragedies: the Oklahoma City bombing, the September 11 attacks, and Hurricane Katrina. In this project, I argue that the media use several methods of identity reconstruction following national tragic events. The analysis demonstrates that the media reconstruct national identity by using language to bind citizens to one another, by separating "real" Americans from everyone else, by affirming American values, by reprimanding those who stray from American ideals, and by sustaining the belief in American Exceptionalism

Physicians\u27 Degree of Concern as a Function of Numerical Medical Information Indices

The present investigation was essentially exploratory and descriptive in purpose. Utilizing the direct scaling method of magnitude estimation (with assigned modulus) the study attempted to: (1) determine if lawful relationships existed between the clinical judgment of licensed physicians and the results from nine numerical medical information indices, and (2) to quantitatively describe such relationships. It was believed that direct estimation methodologies have been shown through empirical studies to be superior to the psychophysical models of Fechner and Thurstone. Previous work has also illustrated that the power law of S. S. Stevens\u27 has provided a powerful methodology in studying the topic of clinical judgment. In the present study 27 licensed physicians served as judges. They judged results from nine frequently used numerical medical information indices which were varied systematically and independently. Ah upper and lower limit for each of the nine indices was determined from the medical literature and medical consultants. Specific stimuli within these limits were spaced in equal logarithmic steps when feasible. Judgments were made relative to degree of concern for a contrived 35 year old patient\u27s health status. The laboratory test-indices and the various levels of each test were presented in randomized orders. For four of the indices, levels above as well as below normal were included. In scale development, these were considered separately, thus 13 subjective scales were developed. In general, the results indicate that for nine of these scales the relationships observed were curvilinear when degree of concern was plotted against the appropriate stimulus metric. A log-log transformation rectified the data so that straight lines offered reasonably good approximations of the observed trends. It was determined that a power function model was an appropriate description of these data. For four indices the relationships, when degree of concern was plotted against the stimulus continuum, were markedly linear in nature. It was suggested that: (1) the underlying continua for these four indices may be metathetic, or (2) that physicians view these four indices as some sort of ordered category measures even though the underlying stimulus measures are continuous in nature. Implications for the direct estimation literature seem clear. This study represents one of the earliest successful extensions of these measurement methodologies into the topic of clinical judgment. It was suggested that direct estimation procedures are sufficiently sensitive to assist in the clarification of the many enigmatic ambiguities now existant in the clinical judgment literature. Implications for medical education were also drawn. The development of scales similar to those produced in this inquiry could provide valuable communication vehicles whereby the exigencies of the office would be brought into the classroom. For several scales the predetermined standard was believed to be disparet from the intrinsic standard employed by the judges. This was believed to increase variability or noise in the measurement system. Inter-scale comparisons were also made and four of the indices seemed more potent in terms of eliciting concern. One index appeared to elicit relatively little concern. Data derived in connection with inter-scale comparisons holds potential for future research into this area. Limitations of the present inquiry were discussed. For example, the sample was in no way random or systematic, and several standards which were employed seemed to be inappropriate. Suggestions for future research were also advanced

Further Consideration of Two Photographs Ascribed to Christian Hornberger

Two reactions to the essay on the earliest generation of missionary photographers in West Africa published earlier in HA set up trains of thought which deserve to be minuted here as a further contribution to our praxis with images of Africa in the nineteenth century. It was pointed out by two readers of the original article that a pair of the images which, it had been asserted (104), derive from the last phase of Hornberger's photographic work, were published very early on in a non-mission context: that of three women spinning and that of one man weaving (figures 1 and 2 below). Both images exist as photographs, as stereographic vintage prints. Both were also published as wood engravings in mission periodicals (figures 3 and 4). Two readers of the original essay have pointed out that these images were conflated into a single engraving on page 211 of Richard Oberländer's Westafrika vom Senegal bis Benguela (Leipzig, 1874). In this image (figure 5), however, only two members of the group of spinning women are depicted, placed separately in the foreground, one on each side of the weaver. It is an ironic reflection on the quality of the documentation we have to fear in this field that Oberländer's caption—"Spinnende und webende Aschanti. (Nach einer Photographie)”—asserts specifically that the engraving was taken "from a photograph,” using the singular for

Significance of amphibole compositional zoning in para-amphibolite.

peer reviewe

Photographie, Ethnographie und physische Anthropologie im 19. Jahrhundert: Ein Überblick für den deutschen Sprachraum

In the German-speaking world, attempts were made to document Man's bodily and cultural manifestations by means of photographs. Photography thus became a medium for making visual inventories, its impact being larger in physical anthropology than in ethnography. Of the steps taken to establish a morphological typology, that of Johann Goethe, a questionable conceptual systematization, prevailed over other empirically-based models. Late in the 19th century, the idea of a Photographic Museum of the Human Races lay behind the ever more frequent scientific application of photography to illustrations in compilations of a general character and to representations of whole ethnic groups. Technical innovations promoted initiatives aimed to overcome the static photography of the day.En el ámbito germano-parlante se intentó documentar las manifestaciones corporales y culturales del hombre a través de fotografías, como medio de inventario visual, incidiendo más en la antropología física que en la etnografía. Entre los diferentes intentos para la creación de una tipología morfológica, la cuestionable visión de Johann Goethe pasó a ser la sistematización conceptual dominante frente a otros modelos empíricamente fundados. El concepto de un museo fotográfico de las razas humanas constituyó la idea central para una aplicación científica de la fotografía. Su utilización se acrecentó a fines del siglo XIX, tanto en la ilustración de compilaciones de carácter global, como en representaciones de grupos étnicos completos. Las innovaciones técnicas fomentaron las iniciativas tendentes a superar la estática fotografía habitual

Dating of zircon and monazite from diamondiferous quartzofeldspathic rocks of the Saxonian Erzgebirge - hints at burial and exhumation velocities.

In order to better understand the formation and evolution processes of ultrahigh pressure (UHP) felsic rocks, we determined the ages of various domains of zircon and monazite crystals from the diamondiferous quartzofeldspathic rocks of the Saxonian Erzgebirge. According to cathodoluminescence imagery and Th/U ratios, three zircon zones were distinguished. Each was dated using several spot analyses from a sensitive high-resolution ion microprobe (SHRIMP) analysing Pb, U and Th isotopes. The results were: (1) core zone - 21 analyses: Th/U less/equal 0.023 and 337.0 plus/minus 2.7 Ma (2 sigma, combined 206Pb/238U-207Pb/235U age); (2) diamond-bearing intermediate zone - 23 analyses: Th/U greater/equal 0.037 and 336.8 plus/minus 2.8 Ma; and (3) rim zone-12 analyses: Th/U = 0.0150.038 (plus one analysis of 0.164) and 330.2 plus/minus 5.8 Ma. The U-Pb obtained ages are virtually concordant. Furthermore, two oscillatory zoned zircon cores (Th/U greater/equal to 0.8) yielded (~concordant) ages of ~400 Ma. Six SHRIMP analyses of monazites gave an age of 332.4 plus/minus 2.1 Ma. In addition, Pb, Th and U contents in monazite were analysed with an electron microprobe (EMP). A mean age of 324.7 plus/minus 8.0 (2σ) Ma was acquired from 113 analyses.By combining the defined ages with previously published P-T conditions, minimum velocities for burial and exhumation were estimated. In addition, we present a likely geodynamic scenario involving age data from the literature as well as this study: beginning 340 million years ago, gneisses at the base of a thickened continental crust (~1.8 GPa, 650C) were transported to depths of at least 130 km, possibly as deep as 250 km. Here they were heated (>1050C) and partially melted and as a result began to rise rapidly. The burial and subsequent ascent back to a depth of 50 km, where zircon rims and monazite formed, took only a few million years and perhaps significantly less

Metamorphic P-T conditions of Late Jurassic rhyolites in the Magallanes fold and thrust belt, Patagonian Andes, Chile

Meta-riolitas foliadas de la Formación Tobífera (Jurásico Superior) forman dos escamas tectónicas en el cinturón de pliegues y mantos de los Andes Patagónicos. Exhiben una foliación milonítica penetrativa desarrollada a escala regional. Exceptuando a porfi - roclastos de cuarzo, la mayor parte de la asociación mineral es de origen metamórfi co. Los minerales sincinemáticos, en las sombras de presión, son similares en composición a aquellos de la matriz. La mineralogía metamórfi ca sugiere una evolución entre unos 3 kbar (aprox. 250 ºC) y unos 7 kbar (aprox. 350 ºC). La naturaleza sincinemática de los minerales permite correlacionarlos con una fase compresional del Cretácico Inferior a medio en la región, que probablemente involucró una subducción dirigida hacia el oeste del sustrato cuasi-oceánico sobre el que se depositó la Formación Tobífera

The Effects of Diversity Training on Mental Healthcare Professionals

Previous research has indicated that the United States is experiencing a rapid growth in its racial and ethnic diversity. Although diversity trainings are common place, many of these trainings do not include outcome measurements to ensure that training goals are met and reactions are favorable. The current study expands the research by evaluating the change in attitude, selfreported culturally competent behavior, and knowledge as a result of the training as well as reactions to the training through the use of pre and post-training measures. Mental healthcare workers (n = 47) completed a pretest, received the diversity training, and then completed the posttest immediately following the training. Paired samples t-tests, and frequencies were used to analyze specific training outcomes. A statistically significant difference was found from the total scores of the pretest (M = 60.31, SD = 10.23) to post test (M = 69.17, SD = 7.81) on the measure, t(47) = -7.86, p = .000. Specifically, attitude, self-reported culturally competent behavior, and knowledge were all found to have statistically significant improvements, with attitude scores improving from pretest (M = 24.99, SD = 4.07) to post test (M = 28.20, SD = 3.26) t(47) = -7.63, p = .000, culturally competent behaviors scores improving from pretest (M = 19.34, SD = 4.03) to post test (M = 22.06, SD = 3.16), t(47) = -6.85, p = .000, and knowledge scores improving from pretest (M = 15.98, SD = 3.05) to post test (M = 18.90, SD = 2.41), t(47) = -6.78, p = .000 on the measure. These results indicate that diversity training can significantly improve participants understanding of diverse clients. This study highlights the importance of developing and objectively assessing diversity training to ensure its effectiveness and applicability to clinical work