Pre-dive Whole-Body Vibration Better Reduces Decompression-Induced Vascular Gas Emboli than Oxygenation or a Combination of Both

Purpose: Since non-provocative dive profiles are no guarantor of protection against decompression sickness, novel means including pre-dive “preconditioning” interventions, are proposed for its prevention. This study investigated and compared the effect of pre-dive oxygenation, pre-dive whole body vibration or a combination of both on post-dive bubble formation. Methods: Six healthy volunteers performed 6 no-decompression dives each, to a depth of 33 mfw for 20 min (3 control dives without preconditioning and 1 of each preconditioning protocol) with a minimum interval of 1 week between each dive. Post-dive bubbles were counted in the precordium by two-dimensional echocardiography, 30 and 90 min after the dive, with and without knee flexing. Each diver served as his own control. Results: Vascular gas emboli (VGE) were systematically observed before and after knee flexing at each post-dive measurement. Compared to the control dives, we observed a decrease in VGE count of 23.8 ± 7.4% after oxygen breathing (p < 0.05), 84.1 ± 5.6% after vibration (p < 0.001), and 55.1 ± 9.6% after vibration combined with oxygen (p < 0.001). The difference between all preconditioning methods was statistically significant. Conclusions: The precise mechanism that induces the decrease in post-dive VGE and thus makes the diver more resistant to decompression stress is still not known. However, it seems that a pre-dive mechanical reduction of existing gas nuclei might best explain the beneficial effects of this strategy. The apparent non-synergic effect of oxygen and vibration has probably to be understood because of different mechanisms involved

Critical Flicker Fusion Frequency: A Marker of Cerebral Arousal During Modified Gravitational Conditions Related to Parabolic Flights

In situ evaluation of human brain performance and arousal remains challenging during operational circumstances, hence the need for a rapid, reliable and reproducible tool. Here we hypothesized that the Critical flicker fusion frequency (CFFF) reflecting/requiring visual integration, visuo-motor skills and decision-taking process might be a powerful, fast and simple tool in modified gravity environments. Therefore 11 male healthy volunteers were assessed for higher cognitive functions with CFFF during parabolic flights. They were assessed at different time points: upon arrival to the base, 30 min after subcutaneous scopolamine administration, before parabolas, during hypergravity and microgravity at break time (between the 16th and the 17th parabola), on the return flight and on the ground after landing. First, a stable, and consistent measurement of CFFF could be obtained within 12 s. Second, under modified gravitational conditions, the perceptual ability of participants is significantly modified. Compared to the baseline, evolution is characterized by a significant increase of CFFF when in microgravity (0g: 106.9 ± 5.5%), and a significant decrease of CFFF while in hypergravity (2g: 94.5 ± 3.8%). Other time-points were not statistically different from the baseline value. Although the underlying mechanism is still debated, we suggest that the CFFF test is a global marker of cerebral arousal as the result of visuo-motor and decision taking testing based on a simple visual stimulus with an uncomplicated set up that could be used under various environmental conditions. The authors express an opinion that it would be advisable to introduce CFFF measurement during spaceflights as it allows individual longitudinal assessment of individual ability even under conditions of incomplete physiological compensation, as shown here during parabolic flights

Benefit of dark chocolate intake in the prevention of vascular endothelial effects induced by SCUBA and breath-hold diving

Objectifs : Comparer les effets de la plongée à l’air et en apnée sur la vasodilatation d’origine endothéliale et le stress oxydant. Ensuite, tenter de prévenir la dysfonction endothéliale post-plongée par une supplémentation en antioxydants. Méthodes : La fonction endothéliale des grosses artères est évaluée par la dilatation flux-dépendante (FMD) et celle des petites par pléthysmographie. Les concentrations plasmatiques de monoxyde d’azote (NO) furent évaluées en mesurant les nitrites/nitrates par colorimétrie. Les effets de 30g de chocolat noir furent testés en supplémentation 1h30 avant la plongée à l’air et 1h avant l'apnée. Résultats : La FMD diminue dans les 2 types de plongée. Le taux de NO est inchangé après la plongée à l’air alors qu’il augmente après l’apnée. En eau froide, le taux de NO se voit réduit chez les plongeurs en apnée. Lorsque le chocolat noir est administré en supplémentation à des plongeurs, la FMD est augmentée aussi bien après la plongée à l’air qu’en apnée. Le NO augmente après la plongée à l’air alors qu’il ne change pas après l’apnée. Conclusion : En apnée comme en plongée à l’air, la diminution de la FMD suggère qu’elle est liée à un stress oxydant puisqu’elle est prévenue par le chocolat noir. Le chocolat noir est un bon moyen préventif pour la dysfonction endothéliale aussi bien en plongée à l’air qu’en apnée. L’absence de variation du NO suggère que la diminution de la FMD est la conséquence d’une activité du système nerveux autonome et/ou d’une altération du muscle lisse vasculaire. Les mécanismes observés en plongée sont un bon modèle pour la personne âgée où du stress oxydant et une dysfonction endothéliale sont également retrouvés.Objectives: To compare the effects of SCUBA diving with breath-hold diving on endothelial vasodilation and oxidative stress. Then trying to prevent post dive endothelial dysfunction by a supplementation in antioxidants. Methods: Endothelial function of large arteries is evaluated by FMD and those of small arteries by plethysmography. Plasmatic concentrations of nitric oxide (NO) were evaluated by measuring nitrite/nitrate by colorimetry. The effects of 30g dark chocolate were tested as a supplement 1h30 before SCUBA diving and 1 hour before the breath-hold dives. Results: FMD is reduced in the 2 types of diving. The level of circulating NO remains unchanged after SCUBA diving while it increases after breath-hold diving. The PORH is reduced after SCUBA diving while it is increased in the breath-hold group. In cool water, NO is reduced after breath-hold diving. When dark chocolate is administered to divers FMD is increased after SCUBA diving and breath-hold diving. NO is increased after SCUBA diving while it does not change after breath-hold diving. Conclusion: In breath-hold and SCUBA diving the decreased FMD suggests that it is associated with oxidative stress since it is prevented by dark chocolate. Dark chocolate is a good way to prevent endothelial dysfunction in SCUBA diving and in breath-hold diving. The lack of variation in NO level suggests that the reduced FMD results from the activity of the autonomic nervous system and/or an alteration of vascular smooth muscle. Mechanisms observed in diving are a good model for the elderly people where oxidative stress and endothelial dysfunction are also encountered

Intérêt de l'apport en chocolat noir dans la prévention des effets de la plongée à l'air et en apnée sur l'endothélium vasculaire

Objectives: To compare the effects of SCUBA diving with breath-hold diving on endothelial vasodilation and oxidative stress. Then trying to prevent post dive endothelial dysfunction by a supplementation in antioxidants. Methods: Endothelial function of large arteries is evaluated by FMD and those of small arteries by plethysmography. Plasmatic concentrations of nitric oxide (NO) were evaluated by measuring nitrite/nitrate by colorimetry. The effects of 30g dark chocolate were tested as a supplement 1h30 before SCUBA diving and 1 hour before the breath-hold dives. Results: FMD is reduced in the 2 types of diving. The level of circulating NO remains unchanged after SCUBA diving while it increases after breath-hold diving. The PORH is reduced after SCUBA diving while it is increased in the breath-hold group. In cool water, NO is reduced after breath-hold diving. When dark chocolate is administered to divers FMD is increased after SCUBA diving and breath-hold diving. NO is increased after SCUBA diving while it does not change after breath-hold diving. Conclusion: In breath-hold and SCUBA diving the decreased FMD suggests that it is associated with oxidative stress since it is prevented by dark chocolate. Dark chocolate is a good way to prevent endothelial dysfunction in SCUBA diving and in breath-hold diving. The lack of variation in NO level suggests that the reduced FMD results from the activity of the autonomic nervous system and/or an alteration of vascular smooth muscle. Mechanisms observed in diving are a good model for the elderly people where oxidative stress and endothelial dysfunction are also encountered.Objectifs : Comparer les effets de la plongée à l’air et en apnée sur la vasodilatation d’origine endothéliale et le stress oxydant. Ensuite, tenter de prévenir la dysfonction endothéliale post-plongée par une supplémentation en antioxydants. Méthodes : La fonction endothéliale des grosses artères est évaluée par la dilatation flux-dépendante (FMD) et celle des petites par pléthysmographie. Les concentrations plasmatiques de monoxyde d’azote (NO) furent évaluées en mesurant les nitrites/nitrates par colorimétrie. Les effets de 30g de chocolat noir furent testés en supplémentation 1h30 avant la plongée à l’air et 1h avant l'apnée. Résultats : La FMD diminue dans les 2 types de plongée. Le taux de NO est inchangé après la plongée à l’air alors qu’il augmente après l’apnée. En eau froide, le taux de NO se voit réduit chez les plongeurs en apnée. Lorsque le chocolat noir est administré en supplémentation à des plongeurs, la FMD est augmentée aussi bien après la plongée à l’air qu’en apnée. Le NO augmente après la plongée à l’air alors qu’il ne change pas après l’apnée. Conclusion : En apnée comme en plongée à l’air, la diminution de la FMD suggère qu’elle est liée à un stress oxydant puisqu’elle est prévenue par le chocolat noir. Le chocolat noir est un bon moyen préventif pour la dysfonction endothéliale aussi bien en plongée à l’air qu’en apnée. L’absence de variation du NO suggère que la diminution de la FMD est la conséquence d’une activité du système nerveux autonome et/ou d’une altération du muscle lisse vasculaire. Les mécanismes observés en plongée sont un bon modèle pour la personne âgée où du stress oxydant et une dysfonction endothéliale sont également retrouvés

Intérêt de l'apport en chocolat noir dans la prévention des effets de la plongée à l'air et en apnée sur l'endothélium vasculaire

Objectives: To compare the effects of SCUBA diving with breath-hold diving on endothelial vasodilation and oxidative stress. Then trying to prevent post dive endothelial dysfunction by a supplementation in antioxidants. Methods: Endothelial function of large arteries is evaluated by FMD and those of small arteries by plethysmography. Plasmatic concentrations of nitric oxide (NO) were evaluated by measuring nitrite/nitrate by colorimetry. The effects of 30g dark chocolate were tested as a supplement 1h30 before SCUBA diving and 1 hour before the breath-hold dives. Results: FMD is reduced in the 2 types of diving. The level of circulating NO remains unchanged after SCUBA diving while it increases after breath-hold diving. The PORH is reduced after SCUBA diving while it is increased in the breath-hold group. In cool water, NO is reduced after breath-hold diving. When dark chocolate is administered to divers FMD is increased after SCUBA diving and breath-hold diving. NO is increased after SCUBA diving while it does not change after breath-hold diving. Conclusion: In breath-hold and SCUBA diving the decreased FMD suggests that it is associated with oxidative stress since it is prevented by dark chocolate. Dark chocolate is a good way to prevent endothelial dysfunction in SCUBA diving and in breath-hold diving. The lack of variation in NO level suggests that the reduced FMD results from the activity of the autonomic nervous system and/or an alteration of vascular smooth muscle. Mechanisms observed in diving are a good model for the elderly people where oxidative stress and endothelial dysfunction are also encountered.Objectifs : Comparer les effets de la plongée à l’air et en apnée sur la vasodilatation d’origine endothéliale et le stress oxydant. Ensuite, tenter de prévenir la dysfonction endothéliale post-plongée par une supplémentation en antioxydants. Méthodes : La fonction endothéliale des grosses artères est évaluée par la dilatation flux-dépendante (FMD) et celle des petites par pléthysmographie. Les concentrations plasmatiques de monoxyde d’azote (NO) furent évaluées en mesurant les nitrites/nitrates par colorimétrie. Les effets de 30g de chocolat noir furent testés en supplémentation 1h30 avant la plongée à l’air et 1h avant l'apnée. Résultats : La FMD diminue dans les 2 types de plongée. Le taux de NO est inchangé après la plongée à l’air alors qu’il augmente après l’apnée. En eau froide, le taux de NO se voit réduit chez les plongeurs en apnée. Lorsque le chocolat noir est administré en supplémentation à des plongeurs, la FMD est augmentée aussi bien après la plongée à l’air qu’en apnée. Le NO augmente après la plongée à l’air alors qu’il ne change pas après l’apnée. Conclusion : En apnée comme en plongée à l’air, la diminution de la FMD suggère qu’elle est liée à un stress oxydant puisqu’elle est prévenue par le chocolat noir. Le chocolat noir est un bon moyen préventif pour la dysfonction endothéliale aussi bien en plongée à l’air qu’en apnée. L’absence de variation du NO suggère que la diminution de la FMD est la conséquence d’une activité du système nerveux autonome et/ou d’une altération du muscle lisse vasculaire. Les mécanismes observés en plongée sont un bon modèle pour la personne âgée où du stress oxydant et une dysfonction endothéliale sont également retrouvés

Physiology of repeated mixed gas 100-m wreck dives using a closed-circuit rebreather: a field bubble study

International audiencePurpose: Data regarding decompression stress after deep closed-circuit rebreather (CCR) dives are scarce. This study aimed to monitor technical divers during a wreck diving expedition and provide an insight in venous gas emboli (VGE) dynamics. Methods: Diving practices of ten technical divers were observed. They performed a series of three consecutive daily dives around 100 m. VGE counts were measured 30 and 60 min after surfacing by both cardiac echography and subclavian Doppler graded according to categorical scores (Eftedal–Brubakk and Spencer scale, respectively) that were converted to simplified bubble grading system (BGS) for the purpose of analysis. Total body weight and fluids shift using bioimpedancemetry were also collected pre- and post-dive. Results: Depth-time profiles of the 30 recorded man-dives were 97.3 ± 26.4 msw [range: 54–136] with a runtime of 160 ± 65 min [range: 59–270]. No clinical decompression sickness (DCS) was detected. The echographic frame-based bubble count par cardiac cycle was 14 ± 13 at 30 min and 13 ± 13 at 60 min. There is no statistical difference neither between dives, nor between time of measurements (P = 0.07). However, regardless of the level of conservatism used, a high incidence of high-grade VGE was detected. Doppler recordings with the O’dive were highly correlated with echographic recordings (Spearman r of 0.81, P = 0.008). Conclusion: Although preliminary, the present observation related to real CCR deep dives questions the precedence of decompression algorithm over individual risk factors and pleads for an individual approach of decompression

Pre-dive whole-body vibration better reduces decompression-induced Vascular Gas Emboli than oxygenation or a combination of both.

Purpose: Since non-provocative dive profiles are no guarantor of protection against decompression sickness, novel means including pre-dive preconditioning interventions, are proposed for its prevention. This study investigated and compared the effect of pre-dive oxygenation, pre-dive whole body vibration or a combination of both on post-dive bubble formation. Methods: 6 healthy volunteers performed 6 no-decompression dives each, to a depth of 33 mfw for 20 minutes (3 control dives without preconditioning and 1 of each preconditioning protocol) with a minimum interval of 1 week between each dive. Post-dive bubbles were counted in the precordium by two-dimensional echocardiography, 30 and 90 minutes after the dive, with and without knee flexing. Each diver served as his own control.Results: Vascular gas emboli (VGE) were systematically observed before and after knee flexing at each post-dive measurement. Compared to the control dives, we observed a decrease in VGE count of 23.8±7.4% after oxygen breathing (p<0.05), 84.1±5.6% after vibration (p<0.001), and 55.1±9.6% after vibration combined with oxygen (p<0.001). The difference between all preconditioning methods was statistically significant.Conclusions: The precise mechanism that induces the decrease in post-dive VGE and thus makes the diver more resistant to decompression stress is still not known. However, it seems that a pre-dive mechanical reduction of existing gas nuclei might best explain the beneficial effects of this strategy. The apparent non-synergic effect of oxygen and vibration has probably to be understood because of different mechanisms involved

ULTRASONOGRAPHIC ASSESSMENT OF NECK MUSCULAR SIZE AND RANGE OF MOTION IN RUGBY PLAYERS.

World Rugby Union laws are constantly evolving towards stringent injury-prevention, particularly for contested scrums, since front row players are most at risk of cervical spine injuries. Recently, some countries have also introduced tailored training programs and minimum performance requirements for playing in the front row. Nevertheless, these approaches lack an objective assessment of each cervical muscle that would provide protective support.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishe

The effect of pre-dive ingestion of dark chocolate on endothelial function after a scuba dive.

The aim of the study was to observe the effects of dark chocolate on endothelial function after scuba diving.SCOPUS: ar.jinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishe

Oxidative stress in breath-hold divers after repetitive dives.

Hyperoxia causes oxidative stress. Breath-hold diving is associated with transient hyperoxia followed by hypoxia and a build-up of carbon dioxide (CO₂), chest-wall compression and significant haemodynamic changes. This study analyses variations in plasma oxidative stress markers after a series of repetitive breath-hold dives.Journal ArticleResearch Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishe