Family Relations in Manushyaputra's Poems

The individual society is bound by the rope of the family. Human relationships begin from the single point of the family. Society is the entire group of families. Basically, the family consists of two relationships, husband and wife. Later on, the blood of the two expands into the system of continuous son and daughter. Moreover, all those who live around in families belong to family relationships. When did the system of the family appear in relationships? Research to find an answer to the question is continuing. The family system must have arisen only after the emergence of human beings. Thus, in the poems of Manushyaputran, the study of this article is only a summary of the pattern of affection in family relations and some of the changes that take place in it

Specific antimicrobial and hemolytic activities of 18-residue peptides derived from the amino terminal region of the toxin pardaxin

Peptides are part of the host defense system against bacteria and fungi in species right across the evolutionary scale. However, endogenous antibacterial peptides are often composed of 25 residues or more and, therefore, are not ideal for therapeutic use. Hence it is of considerable interest to design and engineer short peptides having antimicrobial activity. Peptides composed of 18 amino acids, derived from the N-terminal region of the 33-residue toxiri pardaxin (PX), GFFALIPKDSSPLFKTLLSAVGSALSSSGEQE, were synthesized and examined for biological activities. Peptide corresponding to the 1-18 stretch of PX exhibited antimicrobial activity only against Escherichia coli and not against Gram-positive microorganisms. The peptide also did not possess hemolytic activity. Replacement of P7 by A resulted in a peptide possessing both antibacterial and hemolytic activity. Substitution of both K residues by Q in the 'A' analog resulted in a peptide having peptides and investigation of their model membrane permeabilizing activities indicated that selective activity can be explained by their biophysical properties. Hence, by a rational design approach based on biophysical principles, it should be possible to generate short peptides having specific biological activity

Ethyl 7-oxo-3,5-diphenyl-1,4-diazepane-2-carboxyl­ate

The title compound, C20H22N2O3, crystallizes with two independent mol­ecules in the asymmetric unit. In both mol­ecules, the diazepane rings adopt chair conformations. The mean planes of the diazepane rings in the two molecules form dihedral angles of 71.6 (4)/40.3 (5) and 75.9 (5)/58.6 (7)° with the neighbouring benzene rings. The carbonyl-group O atoms deviate significantly from the diazepane rings, by 0.685 (14) and 0.498 (13) Å. The eth­oxy­carbonyl groups show conformational difference between two mol­ecules, as reflected in the orientation of the carbonyl O atoms and the C—C—O—C torsion angle of −179.0 (2)° in one mol­ecule and 73.2 (2)° in the other. In one molecule there is a short N—H⋯O contact that generates an S(5) ring motif. In the crystal, N—H⋯O inter­actions generate R 2 2(8) graph-set motifs and C—H⋯O inter­actions generate R 2 2(10) and R 2 2(14) graph-set motifs. C—H⋯π inter­actions also occur

Subcortical structural abnormalities in juvenile myoclonic epilepsy (JME): MR volumetry and vertex based analysis

AbstractPurposeImaging studies in juvenile myoclonic epilepsy (JME) have shown abnormalities of the thalamus and frontal cortex. The purpose of this study was to systematically investigate the morphological changes in the deep gray matter (GM) structures using techniques of voxel based morphometry (VBM), MR volumetry and shape analysis.MethodologyThe study included 40 patients with JME (M:F=21:19; age 22.8±5.3 years) and 19 matched controls (M:F=13:6; age 24.5±4.2 years). All subjects underwent MRI using standard protocol that included T1-3D TFE (Turbo Field Echo) images with 1mm thickness. VBM analysis and MR volumetry were performed. The volumes of deep subcortical GM structures were extracted and vertex-wise shape analysis was performed using FSL-FIRST (FSL-Integrated Registration and Segmentation Toolbox) software.ResultsVBM analysis with a thalamic mask revealed focal thalamic alterations in the anteromedial aspect of the thalamus (p<0.05, false discovery rate (FDR) corrected) which remained significant after adjusting for age, gender and intracranial volume (ICV). Significant volume loss was noted in both the thalami. Vertex-wise shape analysis showed significant focal surface reductions in the thalami bilaterally in patients that were predominantly seen in the medial as well as lateral aspects of the thalamus (p<0.05, FDR corrected). The disease duration correlated with left hippocampus volume while age of onset correlated with right hippocampus volume.ConclusionsThis study confirms the presence of thalamic alterations in patients with JME. Shape analysis technique provided complementary information and disclosed the presence of focal atrophic changes in patients’ thalami. The striatum and hippocampus did not show any significant alterations

Studies on the synthesis of the toxins, pardaxin, δ-toxin and their analogues by solid-phase methods

Studies in our laboratory have been directed towards understanding the mechanism of action of two hydrophobic toxins, pardaxin comprising 33 residues and &#948;-toxin comprising 26 residues. Since isolation of these peptides in large amounts from natural sources is not convenient, we have explored synthetic approaches to get these peptides as well as their analogs. We have used chemistry specific to fluorenylmethoxycarbonyl (Fmoc) andt-butyloxycarbonyl (Boc) amino acids. Synthesis specific for Fmoc amino acids was carried out manually as well as on a semi-automated continuous flow peptide synthesizer. Synthesis specific for Boc amino acids was carried out manually. The protocols used by us have yielded 15-33 residue peptides which are of high purity. Even in peptides where heterogeneity was present, pure peptide could be obtained in good yields using simple gradients in fast performance liquid chromatography. The synthesis of pardaxin, &#948;-toxin and several analogs should help in identifying the molecular determinants of biological activity

Ethyl 2-(7-oxo-3,5-diphenyl-1,4-diaze­pan-2-yl)acetate

In the title compound, C21H24N2O3, the diazepane ring adopts a chair conformation. The central diazepane ring forms dihedral angles 67.80 (7) and 72.29 (5)° with the two benzene rings. The eth­oxy­carbonyl group is disordered over two conformations with site-occupancy factors of 0.643 (5) and 0.357 (5). In the crystal, inversion dimers linked by pairs of N—H⋯O hydrogen bonds generate R 2 2(8) loops

Evaluation of an Antimicrobial L-Amino Acid Oxidase and Peptide Derivatives from Bothropoides mattogrosensis Pitviper Venom

Healthcare-associated infections (HAIs) are causes of mortality and morbidity worldwide. The prevalence of bacterial resistance to common antibiotics has increased in recent years, highlighting the need to develop novel alternatives for controlling these pathogens. Pitviper venoms are composed of a multifaceted mixture of peptides, proteins and inorganic components. L-amino oxidase (LAO) is a multifunctional enzyme that is able to develop different activities including antibacterial activity. In this study a novel LAO from Bothrops mattogrosensis (BmLAO) was isolated and biochemically characterized. Partial enzyme sequence showed full identity to Bothrops pauloensis LAO. Moreover, LAO here isolated showed remarkable antibacterial activity against Gram-positive and -negative bacteria, clearly suggesting a secondary protective function. Otherwise, no cytotoxic activities against macrophages and erythrocytes were observed. Finally, some LAO fragments (BmLAO-f1, BmLAO-f2 and BmLAO-f3) were synthesized and further evaluated, also showing enhanced antimicrobial activity. Peptide fragments, which are the key residues involved in antimicrobial activity, were also structurally studied by using theoretical models. The fragments reported here may be promising candidates in the rational design of new antibiotics that could be used to control resistant microorganisms

An Efficient Preparation of 1,2-Diamino-1-phenylheptane

A convenient four-step method for the preparation of the lipophilic vicinal diamine 1,2-diamino-1-phenylheptane is described. Condensation involving octan-2-one, benzaldehyde and ammonia is reported. Regioselective Schmidt rearrangement of 2,6-diphenyl-3-pentyl-piperidin-4-one (1) to 2,7-diphenyl-3-pentyl hexahydrodiazapin-5-one (3) is presented. Hydrolysis of 2,7-diphenyl-3-pentyl hexahydrodiazapin-5-one to 1,2-diamino-1-phenylheptane (4) is also reported for the first time

Strategies of Manushyaputhira's Poems

Even though there are various fields in modern literature, Pudukavithai also holds a special place for itself. Such poems have been creating Pudukavithai starting from Bharathiyar to till the present day poets. A strategy is a method in which the creator of works uses a technique of his own to make his work tasteful and innovative according to his imagination, according to his language skills, different from other works. A technique is a method of creating art, the seal of the creators in creation. It reveals the personality traits of the creators. It is the techniques used by the creator rather than the ideas expressed in the works that make the artwork perfect. Their creativity and strategies play an important role in achieving success. Poets have also used different techniques to convey the ideas of the pudhukavithai to the readers as per the technique that can be used. Manushyaputhiran is one of them. His poems are about the problems of contemporary people. He has used simple techniques to make his poems understandable to the readers. This article depicts the sufferings happening in the society through images, similes, metaphors and myths through poems