Globalization in the twenty-first century in quest of a new paradigm

The historical significance of the tragedy on September 11 in 2001 may well be compared to the tragedy of June 28 in 1914 - the assassination in Sarajevo. Both tragedies closed two symbolic chapters of world history, i.e. that of the nineteenth century liberalism [1815-1914) and that of twentieth century nee-liberalism (1991- 200 l). The view that September l l , 200 l opened a new chapter in global histo­ry has found full confirmation in the poll of 275 opinion leaders conducted by the International Herald Tribune and the Pew Research Centre for People and Press. The phenomenon of global terrorism should be interpreted as a consequence of two failings in the last decade of the twentieth century. The first failing was the absence of a grand strategic vision for ordering the global stage after the col­lapse of the Soviet Empire. The second failing of the last decade of the twentieth century was the almost total disappearance of concern for the tragic plight of societies around the globe that led to polarization between rich and poor

Overfishing Trends and the Global Food Crisis

Fish are a vital source of nourishment, especially to people in the world's poorest nations. Widespread over?shing has led to a decline in catch globally; however, the links between over?shing and food security have not been well-understood. The authors of scientific article "Food security implications of globalmarine catch losses due to overfishing." assessed potential losses, globally and regionally, in ?sheries catch and revenue resulting from over?shing. They found a third to a half of commercial marine species had been over?shed during the past half-century, with billions in potential revenue lost. By placing country-level catch loss trends in the context of undernourishment levels in many of the world's poorest countries, the authors estimated that in 2000 the additional catch from sustainable ?shing could have helped 20 million people cover their food de?cit and avert undernourishment. This Pew Ocean Science Series report is a summary of the scientists' ?ndings

RESISTING DEGLOBALISATION: THE CASE OF EUROPE. Bruegel Working Paper Issue 1 3 February 2020

Global trade and finance data indicates that the pre-2008 pace of economic globalisation has stalled or even reversed. The European Union has defied this trend, with trade flows and financial claims continuing to grow after the recovery from the 2008 global economic and financial crisis. Immigration, including intra-EU mobility, has also continued to increase. Our analysis of public opinion in EU countries shows that support for globalisation, free trade and immigration, is on the rise. EU public opinion on these issues does not differ greatly from the rest of the world. Our panel-model estimates for EU countries from 2009 to 2019 find a strong association between the unemployment rate and the prevailing view on whether globalisation is an opportunity for economic growth. A regression for 19 non-EU countries shows the unemployment rate is significantly associated with public support for trade. These findings suggest that cyclical economic factors partially drive views about globalisation. Our analysis suggests younger and better-educated people in the EU view globalisation more positively, as do those in better economic situations, those who feel politically included and those with a positive view of the EU. Increased support for globalisation among EU citizens might also have been boosted by policies to improve social fairness, and by some success in containing asylum-seeker pressure. However, the EU continues to have pressing social problems, concentrated in some member countries with weaker economic outlooks. With global and European economic growth slowing and the risk of a European recession increasing, unemployment tensions could re-emerge, which might reverse recent increases in support for globalisation

Prison Count 2010: State Population Declines for the First Time in 38 Years

Analyzes trends in state and federal prison population, state variations, policies behind the trends, and factors that may affect future trends, including advances in technology and risk assessments, public support for alternatives, and budget pressure

Pitcairn Marine Research Outline Plan

Scientific knowledge of the Pitcairn Islands is based on a series of expeditions from 1825 to 2012. These have been of varying duration and intensity of effort, but the majority have focused on collection trips and inventories of a range of species (plants and animals) from the four islands. In relation to marine species found in the Pitcairn Islands, these expeditions have produced extremely valuable information, although this is inevitably skewed depending on the research effort on the different islands and the focus of previous expeditions (summarised in Irving and Dawson, 2012). There has, however, been no on-going scientific monitoring carried out in Pitcairn's waters, so we have no knowledge of whether or how Pitcairn's marine biodiversity has changed over this period. In 2012, the National Geographic Pristine Seas Expedition to all four islands undertook the first rigorous, quantitative measures of species diversity of algae, corals, and fishes, as well as coral cover, fish abundance, and biomass (at 10- and 20-metre depths). This important study provides a quantitative baseline that can be used as the basis for measuring changes in the marine environment over time. This is particularly important should a marine reserve be established, because it provides a "pre-reserve" baseline against which future management can be judged. (Maps of the 96 monitoring sites are included in Appendix A.) The combination of isolation, endemism, near-pristine status, and variations among the four islands—along with the relatively limited amount of research and the 2012 baseline data—provides an extraordinary opportunity to develop a more cohesive research plan linked to the establishment of a marine reserve

Soft power: Power of attraction or confusion?

Despite its popularity soft power remains power of confusion. The paper examines the concept, with a special focus on the nature and sources of soft power. Nye’s notion of soft power is largely ethnocentric and based on the assumption that there is a link between attractiveness and the ability to influence others in international relations. This poses two problems: Firstly, a country has many different actors. Some of them like the attraction and others don’t. Whether the attraction will lead to the ability to influence the policy of the target country depends on which groups in that country find it attractive and how much control they have on policymaking. Secondly, policymaking at the state level is far more complicated than at the personal level; and has different dynamics that emphasise the rational considerations. This leaves little room for emotional elements thus significantly reducing the effect of soft power. Given the nature of soft power being uncontrollable and unpredictable, it would be impossible to wield soft power in any organised and coordinated fashion as Nye suggested. Furthermore, the relationship between two countries is shaped by many complex factors. It is ultimately decided by the geopolitics and strategic interests of nations, in which soft power may play only a limited role. The paper also discusses the link between soft power and nation branding as both concepts are concerned with a nation’s influence on the world stage. Public diplomacy is a subset of nation branding that focuses on the political brand of a nation; whereas nation branding is about how a nation as whole to reshape the international opinions. A successful nation branding campaign will help create a more favourable and lasting image among the international audience thus further enhancing a country’s soft power

Marine Fisheries and the World Economy

People in coastal countries depend on healthy fisheries for their livelihoods. Gross revenue globally from marine fisheries has been estimated during the last decade at $80 billion to$85 billion annually. This estimate, however, reflects only the landed, or market, value of the fish as they first leave the boat, and it underestimates the full economic impact of fisheries. A more accurate accounting of the value of the fishing industry to the global economy would incorporate the indirect effects on related industries that depend on well-managed fisheries