RELATED SUBSTANCE METHOD DEVELOPMENT AND VALIDATION OF LOXAPINE SUCCINATE IN CAPSULE DOSAGE FORM BY REVERSE PHASE HIGH-PERFORMANCE LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY

Objective: The present study gives a simple, rapid, and accurate stability indicating reverse phase high-performance liquid chromatography method for the determination of loxapine succinate and its related substance (related compound A) in capsule dosage form. Methods: Loxapine succinate and its related substance were attained on a C18 Purospher star (250 mm × 4.6 mm, 5 μm particle size) column at 254 nm detection wavelength, 1.0 ml/min as a flow rate, and 10 μl injection volume. Water:methanol: Triethylamine: Tetrahydrofuran (50:40:1:10) was used a mobile phase, and column oven temperature was 30°C. Results: The resolution between loxapine succinate and known unknown impurities was >2.0. The correlation coefficient (0.999) value indicates the linear relationship between the concentration and peak areas. The accuracy study was performed by spiking method. Loxapine succinate was exposed to the stress condition of hydrolysis (acid and base), oxidative, thermal, and photolytic degradation. Loxapine succinate was found to degrade unquestionably in acid and base stress condition and almost stable in oxidative, thermal, and photolytic conditions. Conclusion: The degradant products were well resolved from leading peak and its related compound A peak and any other unknown peak justifying the stability indicating capability of the method. The developed method was validated as per the ICH guidelines. This method is used for periodic analysis in laboratory

Proučavanje strukturnih svojstava nekih jednostavnih tekućih metala u različitim referentbim sustavima

In the present paper three reference systems: Percus-Yevick hard sphere (PYHS), one component plasma (OCP) and charged hard sphere (CHS) are employed to investigate the temperature-dependent structural properties of some simple liquid metals. The structure factor S(q), pair-distribution function g (r) and interatomic distance r1 of nearest neighbour atoms for Mg, Zn, Al, In, Tl and Pb are reported. Our own model potential is employed along with the local field correction due to Sarkar et al. (SS) to describe electron-ion interaction. It is seen that the CHS method alongwith the present form of model potential can explain more accurately the structural behaviour than PYHS and OCP methods.Za istraživanje temperaturno-ovisnih svojstava strukture nekih jednostavnih tekućih metala, primijenili smo tri referentna sustava: Percus–Yevickov tvrde kugle, jednokomponentne plazme i nabijenih kuglica. Izvješćujemo o strukturnom faktoru S(q), funkciji raspodjele parova g(r) i o međuatomskim razmacima r1 najbližih atoma u Mg, Zn, Al, In, Tl i Pb. Rabimo naš vlastiti modelski potencijal i popravku lokalnog polja prema Sarkaru i sur. za opis međudjelovanja elektron-ion. Nalazimo da metoda nabijene tvrde kuglice s primijenjenim modelskim potencijalom točnije opisuje strukturna svojstva nego druge dvije metode

Proučavanje strukturnih svojstava nekih jednostavnih tekućih metala u različitim referentbim sustavima

In the present paper three reference systems: Percus-Yevick hard sphere (PYHS), one component plasma (OCP) and charged hard sphere (CHS) are employed to investigate the temperature-dependent structural properties of some simple liquid metals. The structure factor S(q), pair-distribution function g (r) and interatomic distance r1 of nearest neighbour atoms for Mg, Zn, Al, In, Tl and Pb are reported. Our own model potential is employed along with the local field correction due to Sarkar et al. (SS) to describe electron-ion interaction. It is seen that the CHS method alongwith the present form of model potential can explain more accurately the structural behaviour than PYHS and OCP methods.Za istraživanje temperaturno-ovisnih svojstava strukture nekih jednostavnih tekućih metala, primijenili smo tri referentna sustava: Percus–Yevickov tvrde kugle, jednokomponentne plazme i nabijenih kuglica. Izvješćujemo o strukturnom faktoru S(q), funkciji raspodjele parova g(r) i o međuatomskim razmacima r1 najbližih atoma u Mg, Zn, Al, In, Tl i Pb. Rabimo naš vlastiti modelski potencijal i popravku lokalnog polja prema Sarkaru i sur. za opis međudjelovanja elektron-ion. Nalazimo da metoda nabijene tvrde kuglice s primijenjenim modelskim potencijalom točnije opisuje strukturna svojstva nego druge dvije metode

Assessment of knowledge regarding anaemia and its preventive measures among lactating mothers of North Gujarat region, India

Background: Anaemia in pregnancy and lactation period has detrimental effects on maternal and child health. Objective of this study was to assess knowledge of lactating mothers regarding anaemia and its preventive measures before and after educational intervention.Methods: The interventional study conducted in purposively selected lactating mothers attending the outpatient department of obstetrics and gynecology. Hospital ethical committee permission was obtained. After taking informed consent 100 lactating mothers were selected by systemic random sampling methods. Knowledge of lactating mothers regarding anaemia and its preventive measures was assessed by pre-designed, pre-tested and semi structured questionnaire. Health education for 30 minutes was given to selected lactating mothers. Knowledge of pregnant women for the same was assessed after health education. Thus, collected data was analyzed using Epi info 7.Results: Awareness among lactating mothers regarding causes, signs and symptoms of anemia and dietary sources of iron was 41%, 26% and 5% respectively which was significantly increased to 73%, 56% and 42% respectively after health education. Awareness among lactating mothers regarding factors which inhibit and increase iron absorption was 31% and 22% respectively which was significantly increased to 80% and 65% respectively after health education. Out of 100 lactating mothers only 24% were aware regarding treatment of anemia.Conclusions: Lack of awareness among lactating mothers regarding anemia and its preventive measure should be addressed by health education during hospital visits

But Is It Myopia? Risk Aversion and the Efficiency of Stock-Based Managerial Incentives

This paper points out that stock incentives do not lead to myopia unless they result in more emphasis on the short-term than would occur under an optimal contract. It shows that myopia findings relative to the standard used throughout the literature (first-best efficiency) are often reversed when evaluated relative to the relevant standard of optimal contracting. Results reported by the previous literature to be myopia often in fact have excessive emphasis on the long-term. The paper solves in closed-form for the region in parameter space which gives rise to these reversals and shows that it can be arbitrarily largehttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/49369/5/2008Jan16JCarmel.pdfhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/49369/1/Visiting-Carmel.pdfhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/49369/4/Visiting-Carmel.pdfhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/49369/7/1108_2008Jan16JCarmel.pd

Arthroscopic fixation of anterior cruciate ligament tibial avulsion fractures: the suture “bridge” pull out technique and evaluation of results

Background: Tibial anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) avulsion fractures are a common injury in children and adolescents. Operative treatment is indicated for type 2, 3 and 4 fractures. Arthroscopic fixation is the preferred method and numerous fixation options are described. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the results of a new technique of arthroscopic fixation.Methods: A retrospective study was done involving twelve patients having displaced ACL tibial avulsion fractures. The arthroscopic suture “bridge” pull out technique was used to fix these fractures. Patient symptoms like knee pain, locking, clicking, sensation of giving way and clinical signs like tenderness, range of motion, Mc Murray’s test, stability test and Lysholm knee scores were evaluated pre operatively and post operatively at 3 months and 6 months. Patient satisfaction was noted at latest follow up.Results: One patient had type 2, 7 patients had type 3 and 4 patients had type 4 tibial ACL avulsion fractures. All the fractures united and all patients achieved full knee range of motion by 2 months post-operative. The clinical symptoms and signs improved post operatively. The mean Lysholm knee score at 3 months follow up was 88.8 and at 6 months follow up were 98.8. At latest follow up, all the patients were satisfied with their knee function. Conclusions: The arthroscopic suture “bridge” pull out technique is an effective method for fixation of ACL tibial avulsion fractures with respect to knee stability, range of motion and resumption of pre injury activity level

Melatonin modulates the fetal cardiovascular defense response to acute hypoxia.

Experimental studies in animal models supporting protective effects on the fetus of melatonin in adverse pregnancy have prompted clinical trials in human pregnancy complicated by fetal growth restriction. However, the effects of melatonin on the fetal defense to acute hypoxia, such as that which may occur during labor, remain unknown. This translational study tested the hypothesis, in vivo, that melatonin modulates the fetal cardiometabolic defense responses to acute hypoxia in chronically instrumented late gestation fetal sheep via alterations in fetal nitric oxide (NO) bioavailability. Under anesthesia, 6 fetal sheep at 0.85 gestation were instrumented with vascular catheters and a Transonic flow probe around a femoral artery. Five days later, fetuses were exposed to acute hypoxia with or without melatonin treatment. Fetal blood was taken to determine blood gas and metabolic status and plasma catecholamine concentrations. Hypoxia during melatonin treatment was repeated during in vivo NO blockade with the NO clamp. This technique permits blockade of de novo synthesis of NO while compensating for the tonic production of the gas, thereby maintaining basal cardiovascular function. Melatonin suppressed the redistribution of blood flow away from peripheral circulations and the glycemic and plasma catecholamine responses to acute hypoxia. These are important components of the fetal brain sparing response to acute hypoxia. The effects of melatonin involved NO-dependent mechanisms as the responses were reverted by fetal treatment with the NO clamp. Melatonin modulates the in vivo fetal cardiometabolic responses to acute hypoxia by increasing NO bioavailability.This work was supported by the ‘International Journal of Experimental Pathology’. Dino A. Giussani is Professor of Cardiovascular Physiology & Medicine at the Department of Physiology Development & Neuroscience at the University of Cambridge, Professorial Fellow and Director of Studies in Medicine at Gonville & Caius College, a Lister Institute Fellow, and a Royal Society Wolfson Research Merit Award Holder. He is supported by the British Heart Foundation, the Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council, and the Isaac Newton Trust.This is the final version of the article. It first appeared from Wiley via http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jpi.1224

The Many Faces of Information Disclosure

We examine the effects of a variety of mandatory information disclosure regimes on the expected revenues of issuing firms and on their endogenously-arising incentives for financial innovation. The main question we ask is: what kind of information and how much of it should firms be asked to disclose? The analysis uses a noisy rational expectations model in which some investors can choose to become informed at their own expense. Information disclosure then potentially affects the information-advantage of these investors vis-a-vis uninformed (liquidity) investors in the market, and hence their information-acquisition incentives. Thus, asking managers to disclose more information is not obviously desirable for the shareholders of issuing firms. Our main results are as follows. Mandating the disclosure of information about total firm value that would otherwise not have become available to any investor is always good for issuing firms. It increases their expected revenues and also strengthens financial innovation incentives. Mandating the disclosure of information about total firm value that would have been acquired anyway by informed investors but improves the quality of the information that uninformed investors have will benefit firms in emerging capital markets but hurt those in developed capital markets. In developed markets, the attention devoted to disclosure should thus shift from information that concerns total firm value to that which concerns the distribution of this value among claimants. Our conclusion is that disclosure requirements should be more stringent in less-developed capital markets, and that greater stringency in disclosure requirements on securities exchanges leads to a worsening of the borrower pool faced by banks. Our analysis also implies that competition among exchanges or securities regulators will not necessarily lead to a weakening of disclosure requirements.

Applications and limitations of regulatory RNA elements in synthetic biology and biotechnology

This is the peer reviewed version of this article. It may be used for non-commercial purposed in accordance with Wiley Terms and Conditions for Use of Self-Archived Versions.Synthetic biology requires the design and implementation of novel enzymes, genetic circuits or even entire cells, which can be controlled by the user. RNA‐based regulatory elements have many important functional properties in this regard, such as their modular nature and their ability to respond to specific external stimuli. These properties have led to the widespread exploration of their use as gene regulation devices in synthetic biology. In this review, we focus on two major types of RNA elements: riboswitches and RNA thermometers (RNATs). We describe their general structure and function, before discussing their potential uses in synthetic biology (e.g. in the production of biofuels and biodegradable plastics). We also discuss their limitations, and novel strategies to implement RNA‐based regulatory devices in biotechnological applications. We close with a description of some common model organisms used in synthetic biology, with a focus on the current applications and limitations of RNA‐based regulation.Ye