Objective: The present study gives a simple, rapid, and accurate stability indicating reverse phase high-performance liquid chromatography method for the determination of loxapine succinate and its related substance (related compound A) in capsule dosage form.
Methods: Loxapine succinate and its related substance were attained on a C18 Purospher star (250 mm × 4.6 mm, 5 μm particle size) column at 254 nm detection wavelength, 1.0 ml/min as a flow rate, and 10 μl injection volume. Water:methanol: Triethylamine: Tetrahydrofuran (50:40:1:10) was used a mobile phase, and column oven temperature was 30°C.
Results: The resolution between loxapine succinate and known unknown impurities was &gt;2.0. The correlation coefficient (0.999) value indicates the linear relationship between the concentration and peak areas. The accuracy study was performed by spiking method. Loxapine succinate was exposed to the stress condition of hydrolysis (acid and base), oxidative, thermal, and photolytic degradation. Loxapine succinate was found to degrade unquestionably in acid and base stress condition and almost stable in oxidative, thermal, and photolytic conditions.
Conclusion: The degradant products were well resolved from leading peak and its related compound A peak and any other unknown peak justifying the stability indicating capability of the method. The developed method was validated as per the ICH guidelines. This method is used for periodic analysis in laboratory

KHUSHBU A THAKOR

PASHA TY

English

Innovare Academic Sciences: E-Journals

Vol 12, Issue 7, 2019Online - 2455-3891 Print - 0974-2441RELATED SUBSTANCE METHOD DEVELOPMENT AND VALIDATION OF LOXAPINE SUCCINATE IN CAPSULE DOSAGE FORM BY REVERSE PHASE HIGH-PERFORMANCE LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHYKHUSHBU A THAKOR*, PASHA TYDepartment of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Parul Institute of Pharmacy and Research, Parul University, Vadodara, Gujarat, India.  Email: thakorkhushbu3@gmail.comReceived: 25 April 2019, Revised and Accepted: 24 May 2019ABSTRACTObjective: The present study gives a simple, rapid, and accurate stability indicating reverse phase high-performance liquid chromatography method for the determination of loxapine succinate and its related substance (related compound A) in capsule dosage form.Methods: Loxapine succinate and its related substance were attained on a C18 Purospher star (250 mm × 4.6 mm, 5 µm particle size) column at 254 nm detection wavelength, 1.0 ml/min as a flow rate, and 10 µl injection volume. Water:methanol: Triethylamine: Tetrahydrofuran (50:40:1:10) was used a mobile phase, and column oven temperature was 30°C.Results: The resolution between loxapine succinate and known unknown impurities was >2.0. The correlation coefficient (0.999) value indicates the linear relationship between the concentration and peak areas. The accuracy study was performed by spiking method. Loxapine succinate was exposed to the stress condition of hydrolysis (acid and base), oxidative, thermal, and photolytic degradation. Loxapine succinate was found to degrade unquestionably in acid and base stress condition and almost stable in oxidative, thermal, and photolytic conditions.Conclusion: The degradant products were well resolved from leading peak and its related compound A peak and any other unknown peak justifying the stability indicating capability of the method. The developed method was validated as per the ICH guidelines. This method is used for periodic analysis in laboratory.Keywords: Loxapine succinate, Related substance, Validation, Reverse phase high-performance liquid chromatography, ICH.INTRODUCTIONLoxapine succinate is a typical antipsychotic drug, member of dibenzoxazepine class and used to cure certain cerebral or mood disorders (such as schizophrenia). Loxapine succinate is a dopamine antagonist and also serotonin 5-hydroxytryptamine 2 blockers. The specific mode of action of loxapine succinate has not established. This drug helps in compressing assault and illusion [1-3]. Loxapine is present in capsules as a succinate salt.Its IUPAC name is 8-chloro-6-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)benzo[b][1,4]benzoxazepine. Its molecular weight is 445.9 g/mole.Chemical structure of loxapine succinate is shown in Fig. 1 [4-7].Impurities will be quantified as known impurity: Loxapine related compound A. Chemical structure of loxapine succinate is shown in Fig. 2.All other peaks will be considered as unknown impurities [8].Literature search admits that several methods were reported, namely ultraviolet (UV) method, high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method, HPLC-tandem mass spectrometry, and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry method. However, there was no method reported for related substance. To successfully launch the product and to maintain market revenue, it should meet the therapeutic requirements along with safety for patients who will receive the medicine. For that purpose, we have to analyze the product and for which analytical method is needed. The rationale of the research is that loxapine succinate contains the degradant impurity, and our goal is to separate the degradant impurity with the main peak of loxapine succinate and it should not interfere with any other peak. Hence, there is a demand for developing related substance method for loxapine succinate in capsule dosage form. Hence, the authors made an endeavor to develop simple, accurate, sensitive, selective, and specific-related substance method for determination of loxapine succinate in capsule dosage form [9-24].MATERIALS AND METHODSChemicals and reagentsLoxapine succinate was granted as a gift sample by Hetero drugs Ltd, Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh, India. Capsule dosage form was bought up from local pharmacy. All the chemicals and reagents such as methanol, acetonitrile, and water were of HPLC grade and were procured from Merck Specialties Pvt. Ltd., Mumbai, India.InstrumentationHPLC waters Alliance 2695 series equipped with autosampler, temperature control, and autoinjector with capacity to inject 5 µl–500 µl with PDA detector. Waters HPLC system is equipped with Empower 2 software finally optimized chromatographic condition is shown in Table 1.MethodsPreparation of diluted standard solutionAccurately weighed and transferred 60 mg of loxapine succinate standard into 200 ml volumetric flask. Add diluents about 70% of flask volume and sonicate to dissolve the solution. Volume was made up to mark with diluents. Pipette out 5 ml of stock solution into 50 ml volumetric flask and volume made up to mark with diluents. Again © 2019 The Authors. Published by Innovare Academic Sciences Pvt Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY license (http://creativecommons. org/licenses/by/4. 0/) DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.22159/ajpcr.2019.v12i7.33746Research Article204Asian J Pharm Clin Res, Vol 12, Issue 7, 2019, 203-207 Thakor and Pasha pipette out 5 ml of stock solution into 50 ml volumetric flask and volume made up to mark with diluents (3 µg/ml). Chromatogram of diluted standard (3 µg/ml) is shown in Fig. 3. Characterization of peak of diluted standard is shown in Table 2.Related compound A stockAccurately weighed and transferred 3 mg of related compound A into 20 ml volumetric flask. Add 5 ml of diluents and sonicate to dissolve the solution and volume made up to mark with diluents.Spiked sample (Loxapine 1500 µg/ml, ImpA 3 µg/ml)Accurately weighed and transferred loxapine succinate equivalent to 75 mg of loxapine into 50 ml volumetric flask. Add 1 ml of related compound A stock solution. Add diluent about 50% of flask volume. Sonicate for 30 min with intermittent shaking, volume made up to mark with diluent. Solution filter using 0.45 µm Polyvinylidene fluoride filter after 5 ml of filtrate discarded. Chromatogram of Spiked sample is shown in Fig. 4. Characterization of peak of sample spiked with known impurity  is shown in Table 3.RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONValidation of the methodThe described method has been validated for the loxapine succinate and related compound A by HPLC determination as per the ICH guidelines.Specificity and mass balance studyAll forced degradation samples were analyzed at an initial concentration of 1500 µg/ml of loxapine succinate to ensure the homogeneity and purity of peak. The forced condition used for degradation studies was acid degradation (10 ml 1 N HCl, RT for 5 h), base degradation (10 ml 0.1 N NaOH, RT for 5 h), oxidation (10 ml 30% H2O2, RT for 5 h), thermal (85°C for 7 days), and photolytic degradation (1.2 million lux hours of UV light 200 watt h/m2 for 7 days). Very significant degradation of loxapine succinate was observed in acidic and basic stress condition leading to the Fig. 7: Peroxide degradation sample chromatogramFig. 5: Acid degradation sample chromatogramFig. 1: Chemical structure of loxapine succinateFig. 2: Chemical structure of loxapine related compound A Fig. 3: Chromatogram of diluted standard (3 µg/ml)Fig. 4: Chromatogram of spiked sampleFig. 6: Base degradation sample chromatogramFig. 8: Thermal degradation sample chromatogram205Asian J Pharm Clin Res, Vol 12, Issue 7, 2019, 203-207 Thakor and Pasha formation of loxapine related compound A. Significant degradation was observed in oxidative, thermal, and photolytic stress conditions. Chromatograms of sample degradation are shown in Figs. 5-9. Mass balance result was calculated for all stressed samples and found to between 95% and 102%. The purity angle was within the purity threshold limit obtained in all the stressed samples and gives the analyte peak homogeneity. Results of mass balance calculation are presented in Table 4.Linearity and rangeA series of solutions of loxapine related compound A ranging from limit of quantitation (LOQ) to 150% of specification level were prepared and injected into HPLC system. The linearity of the method was established by the plotting a graph between the concentration and response of loxapine related compound A. The results of the linearity study are presented in Table 5. It shows that the r2 is more than 0.990. The relative response factor (RRF) is used to control impurities in drug substance and drug product. It used to correct the differences in detector response of impurities with analyte peak. RRF is established by slope method with linear range of solution and found to be 2.685. Calibration curve of loxapine succinate is shown in Fig. 10.AccuracyAccuracy of an analytical procedure expresses the closeness of agreement between the true value and the value found. The accuracy of the method is established in terms of recovery. Sample solution for accuracy study was prepared in triplicate by spiking the impurities at the specification level (not more than 0.2% of each impurity) to the test sample at LOQ, 50%, 100%, and 150% of the specification level and injected into the HPLC system. Individual recovery, mean recovery, and percentage relative standard deviation (% RSD) at each level are presented in Table 6. Recoveries were found to be within the range of 90%–110% and meet with the ICH guidelines.PrecisionTo evaluate the method precision for related substance, six replicates of test preparations (n = 6) of loxapine succinate were prepared and spiked known impurity at specification level and analyzed as per method. Percentage impurity calculated and reported in Table 7. % RSD values were found within the limits. The intermediate precision of the method was evaluated by adopting the same method using Fig. 9: Photolytic degradation sample chromatogramy = 44515x - 15737R² = 0.99520200004000060000800001000001200001400001600001800002000000.00 1.00 2.00 3.00 4.00 5.00Fig. 10: Calibration curve of Loxapine succinateTable 4: Forced degradation study‑percentage impurity with mass balance (drug product)Sample name Purity angle Purity threshold Total impurities (%) Percentage assay Mass balance (%)Control 1.974 2.198 0.0 99.5 NAAcidic 2.045 2.185 10.25 90.95 101.70Basic 1.875 2.095 10.16 92.83 103.50Peroxide 1.836 1.946 0.0 94.81 95.28Thermal 2.010 2.184 0.0 98.36 98.85Photolytic 2.326 2.651 0.0 97.96 98.45NA: Not availableTable 2: Characterization of peak of diluted standardPeak name RT (min) Area (%) Tailing factor Purity angle Purity thresholdLoxapine succinate 26.541 50,135 (100) 1.5 0.781 1.421RT: Retention timeTable 1: Optimized chromatographic conditionsParameter Recommendation Column C18 Purospher star (250 mm×4.6 mm), 5 µm particle sizeColumn temperature 30°CMobile phase Water: methanol: TEA: THF: 50:40:1:10 mlFlow rate 1.0 mL/minInjection volume 10 µLDetection wavelength 254 nmSampler temperature AmbientDiluent Mobile phaseTEA: Triethylamine, THF: TetrahydrofuranTable 3: Characterization of peak of sample spiked with known impurityPeak name RT (min) Area (%) Tailing factor USP resolution Purity angle Purity thresholdLoxapine succinate 26.654 24,670,304 (99.52) 1.7 - 1.974 2.198Loxapine related compound A (impurity) 31.099 119,782 (0.48) 1.0 3.9 1.294 1.329RT: Retention time, USP: United states pharmacopeia, A: Impurity206Asian J Pharm Clin Res, Vol 12, Issue 7, 2019, 203-207 Thakor and Pasha Table 5: Linearity data of loxapine related compound AConcentration (µg/ml) Area0.75 12,0891.50 53,9892.40 96,0943.00 120,8723.60 141,0874.50 182,564Table 6: Accuracy resultsRelated Compound ALevel Concentration Area Percentage recovery MeanLOQ 0.75 12,085 99.1 100.112,219 100.212,309 101.050% 1.5 59,134 98.57 99.359,321 98.8960,266 100.46100% 3.0 121,876 100.83 100.9121,331 100.38122,819 101.61150% 4.5 180,875 99.07 99.3181,129 99.21182,088 99.74LOQ: Limit of quantitationTable 7: Method precision resultsPrecision set Spiked concentration Loxapine Related Compound AArea Percentage impurity Area Percentage impurity1 3 51,476 0.21 124,084 0.212 3 52,341 0.21 122,765 0.203 3 49,231 0.20 120,334 0.204 3 48,976 0.20 122,367 0.205 3 51,324 0.21 121,432 0.206 3 51,768 0.21 120,036 0.20Average 0.20 0.20SD 0.01 0.00% RSD 2.8 1.3SD: Standard deviation, % RSD: Percentage relative standard deviationTable 8: Intermediate precision resultsPrecision set Spiked concentration Loxapine Related Compound AArea Percentage impurity Area Percentage impurity1 3 51,486 0.22 124,084 0.222 3 51,674 0.21 122,765 0.203 3 50,364 0.22 120,334 0.224 3 49,683 0.21 122,367 0.215 3 51,987 0.20 121,432 0.206 3 52,566 0.20 120,036 0.22Average 0.21 0.21SD 0.008 0.009% RSD 4.2 4.6SD: Standard deviation, % RSD: Percentage relative standard deviationTable 9: Limit of detection limit of quantitation confirmationName LOD concentration (µg/ml) S/N ratio LOQ concentration (µg/ml) S/N ratioLoxapine Related Compound A 0.225 4 0.75 12LOQ: Limit of quantitation, LOD: Limit of detection, S/N: Signal to noisedifferent column, different HPLC system, and different days and results are enlisted in Table 8. % RSD values were found to be within the limits.Limit of detection (LOD) and LOQLOD and LOQ for related substance are determined by injecting a series of solution of known concentration till the signal-to-noise ratio became as 3:1 and 10:1, respectively, and results are summarized in Table 9. The LOD and LOQ values were determined as 0.225 µg/ml and 0.75 µg/ml for loxapine related compound A.RobustnessThe robustness of method was studied by injecting the blank and standard with willfully changes in flow rate of mobile phase, change in wavelength, and change in column temperature. The results of the robustness are given in Table 10. Results showed that method is not affected by intentionally changes in method parameters which was proved by % RSD of three replicates of standards <2.CONCLUSIONA specific, precise, linear, and accurate stability indicating HPLC method has been developed for the quantification of loxapine succinate related compound A. The method has been validated for specificity, stability, linearity, range, accuracy, precision, and robustness. This method is able to quantify all known impurities in the presence of other unknown impurities within specification limit. As the method is validated in accordance with ICH Q2(R1) guideline, it could be taken up for the 207Asian J Pharm Clin Res, Vol 12, Issue 7, 2019, 203-207 Thakor and Pasha Table 10: Robustness resultsS.No. Robustness parameter Loxapine succinate% RSD Tailing factor Theoretical plates1 Low flow (0.8 ml/min) 1.1 1.4 12,5532 High flow (1.2 ml/min) 1.5 1.2 13,7643 Low wavelength (252 nm) 1.2 1.5 12,3444 High wavelength (256 nm) 1.0 1.0 13,8795 Low column temperature (28°C) 1.4 1.2 12,9846 High column temperature (32°C) 0.9 1.3 23,786% RSD: Percentage relative standard deviationanalysis of related substance in the dosage form of loxapine succinate in pharmaceutical industries.AUTHORS’ CONTRIBUTIONThe authors express sincere thanks to Hetero drugs Ltd, Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh, India, for providing a gift sample of loxapine succinate and Umedica Pvt. Ltd., Vapi, Gujarat, for providing necessary facilities to carry out the research work.CONFLICTS OF INTERESTThe authors reveal that there are no conflicts of interest.REFERENCES1. Barar FS. Essentials of Pharmacotherapeutics. 5th ed. New Delhi: S. Chand and Company Ltd.; 2011. p.143.2. Tripathi KD. Essential of Medical Pharmacology. 5th ed. New Delhi: Jaypee Publisher; 1997. p. 394.3. Hawland RD. Reviews: Pharmacology. 3rd ed. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott’s Illustrated Reviews, B. I. Publications; 1996. p. 149.4. Available from: http://www.drugbank.ca/drugs/DB00408. [Last accessed on 2019 Apr 13].5. Available from: http://www.chemspider.com/chemicalstructure.3827.html. [Last accessed on 2019 Apr 15].6. Available from: http://Pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Loxapine. [Last accessed on 2019 Apr 11].7. Available from: http://www.rsc.org/merck-index. [Last accessed on 2019 Apr 18].8. The United State Pharmacopoeia Convention. <905> US Pharmacopeia 32 NF 27. Vol. 1. 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RELATED SUBSTANCE METHOD DEVELOPMENT AND VALIDATION OF LOXAPINE SUCCINATE IN CAPSULE DOSAGE FORM BY REVERSE PHASE HIGH-PERFORMANCE LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY

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RELATED SUBSTANCE METHOD DEVELOPMENT AND VALIDATION OF LOXAPINE SUCCINATE IN CAPSULE DOSAGE FORM BY REVERSE PHASE HIGH-PERFORMANCE LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY

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