A EFICÁCIA DO ESTABELECIMENTO DE PADRÕES DE QUALIDADE AMBIENTAL

The National Environment Policy, Law 6938/81, has the function of providing a coherent conceptual and operational guide for the country’s environmental laws. In order for achieving this purpose, objectives, instruments and a central organizational system for the environmental management were established. Among the instruments it was provided the establishment of environmental quality standards. After more than thirty years of this prediction, there are not concrete studies to evaluate the results obtained so far. Given the need for such studies, this article examined the effectiveness of the establishment of environmental quality standards, that is, if it has produced the expected goals. The research was exploratory, outlined by bibliographic and documentary methods. The results showed that the legal provision was fulfi lled, with current quality standards for water, air, noise sound and soil, established by predefined classes of use of the territory. However, these patterns have not been allocated as quality targets, able to ensure the required environmental conditions in the country. The prevailing action is the use of command and control measures to reduce pollution, especially the application of emission limits for specific sources, without the expected observation of the limits specifi ed by the standards of environmental quality. In addition, the lack of planning of the use of the territory and the shortcomings in monitoring environmental quality in Brazil harm the appropriation of established standards. Thus, it is concluded that the environmental quality standards have not been effective because the proposed objectives were not achieved.  A Política Nacional do Meio Ambiente, Lei nº6938/81, tem a função de fornecer uma coerência conceitual e operacional para as leis ambientais do país. Para atingir esse propósito, princípios, objetivos, instrumentos e um sistema organizacional para a gestão ambiental foram estabelecidos. Dentre os instrumentos, foi previsto o estabelecimento de padrões de qualidade ambiental. Passados mais de trinta anos dessa previsão, não há estudos concretos que avaliem os resultados obtidos por este instrumento. Dada a necessidade desses estudos, este artigo analisou a eficácia do estabelecimento de padrões de qualidade ambiental, isto é, verificou-se o instrumento produziu os objetivos esperados. A pesquisa foi exploratória, delineada por métodos de pesquisa bibliográfica e documental. Os resultados demonstraram que a previsão legal foi cumprida, estando vigentes padrões de qualidade para água, ar, ruídos sonoros e solo, estabelecidos por classes predefinidas de uso do território. No entanto, esses padrões não foram apropriados como metas de qualidade, capazes de assegurar as condições ambientais requeridas no país. Prevalece a utilização de medidas de comando e controle para a redução da poluição, sobretudo a aplicação de limites de emissão para fontes específicas, sem a esperada observação dos limites indicados pelos padrões de qualidade ambiental. Além disso, a falta de planejamento do uso do território e as deficiências no monitoramento da qualidade ambiental no Brasil prejudicam a apropriação dos padrões instituídos. Assim, conclui-se que os padrões de qualidade ambiental não têm sido eficazes, pois os objetivos propostos não foram alcançados

GLOBAL CONCENTRATION OF PULP EXPORTS

This study analyzed the evolution and degree of the global concentration of pulp exports from 1961 to 2014. In order to measure and analyze the concentration, the following indicators were used: Concentration Ratio [CR(k)]; Herfindahl-Hirschman Index (HHI); Theil Entropy Index (E); Hall and Tideman Index (HTI); Comprehensive Concentration Index (CCI); and Gini Coefficient (G). We concluded that there was a tendency of growth in the global pulp exports during the analyzed period due to an increase in demand driven by population growth and to per capita consumption, enhancing the increase in the number of exporting countries. The CR(k) of the global pulp exporting countries showed that the four [CR(4)] and eight [CR(8)] largest countries present a high concentration, with an oligopolistic market structure and competitive advantage. About 100% of exports are dominated by the 20 largest countries [CR(20)]. The HHI, E, HTI, and CCI indicators showed that there is a concentration in global pulp exportation and presented a deconcentrating tendency. Despite the increase in the number of exporting countries, there was no significant reduction in the inequality of global pulp exports. According to the Gini Coefficient, the inequality was strong to absolute.This study analyzed the evolution and degree of the global concentration of pulp exports from 1961 to 2014. In order to measure and analyze the concentration, the following indicators were used: Concentration Ratio [CR(k)]; Herfindahl-Hirschman Index (HHI); Theil Entropy Index (E); Hall and Tideman Index (HTI); Comprehensive Concentration Index (CCI); and Gini Coefficient (G). We concluded that there was a tendency of growth in the global pulp exports during the analyzed period due to an increase in demand driven by population growth and to per capita consumption, enhancing the increase in the number of exporting countries. The CR(k) of the global pulp exporting countries showed that the four [CR(4)] and eight [CR(8)] largest countries present a high concentration, with an oligopolistic market structure and competitive advantage. About 100% of exports are dominated by the 20 largest countries [CR(20)]. The HHI, E, HTI, and CCI indicators showed that there is a concentration in global pulp exportation and presented a deconcentrating tendency. Despite the increase in the number of exporting countries, there was no significant reduction in the inequality of global pulp exports. According to the Gini Coefficient, the inequality was strong to absolute

GLOBAL PRODUCTION CONCENTRATION OF MEDIUM DENSITY FIBERBOARD (MDF) (1995 - 2016)

ABSTRACT This papaer analyzed the global MDF production and its concentration degree between 1995 and 2016. In order to measure and analyze this concentration, we used the Concentration Ratio [CR(k)], the Herfindahl-Hirschman Index (HHI), Theil Entropy Index (E), Hall and Tideman Index (HTI), the Comprehensive Concentration Index (CCI), and the Gini Index (G). Global MDF production grew 12.81% p.a. from 1995 to 2016, reaching 99 million m3 at the end of the time series. China took over the hegemony in 2001 and arrived in 2016 with about 60% of the world’s MDF supply. The CR(k) of the global MDF production inferred a high concentration, mainly in the CR(4) from 2009. The CR(8) remained with a moderately high average concentration. During this period more than 90% of the offer was retained in the CR(20). The HHI, E and HTI indices corroborate that there is high concentration in global MDF production, as well as the CCI in the studied period. The inequality indicated by G also presented increasing behavior and was classified as strong and very strong. The concentration indicators were efficient in evaluating the concentration degree of the world MDF supply