PRELIMINARY STUDIES FOR PRODUCING CRUDE LIPASE FROM TEMPE’S MOULD CULTIVATED IN RICE-HUSK-BASED SOLID MEDIA

The goal of these preliminary studies is to support Indonesian program for increasing palm oil added value through independent production technology based on Indonesian natural resources. Various palm oil derivatives could be synthesized enzymatically using lipase from microbes that available in Indonesia. Tempe's mould is available in abundance in Indonesia and had already been proved for producing lipase. This paper provides information about producing crude lipase from Tempe's mould cultivated in rice-husk-based solid media using palm oil as carbon source. Observed variables include solid media composition, optimum fermentation time, extraction and enriching process of crude lipase. The crude lipase was analyzed its hydrolysis activity on coconut oil and palm oil. The result of these preliminary studies shows that this production process is a simple and tough process and very potential to be developed.   Keywords: lipase, Tempe's mould, palm oil, solid fermentation, rice hus

Effect of Non Ionic Surfactant Addition to Cellulase Performance in High-Substrate-Loading-Hydrolysis of Palm Oil EFB and Water-Hyacinth

Enzymatic hydrolysis with high substrate loading of palm oil (Elaeis guineensis) empty fruit bunch (EFB) and water-hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) were investigated as a prior part of ethanol production from lignocelluloses. Commercial surfactant Span 85 and Tween 20 were used as cellulase performance enhancer in hydrolysis process with substrate loading above 20% (w/w). Cellulase performances were compared based on hydrolysis conversion. Hydrolysis conversions of EFB using cellulase with concentration 10 and 15 FPU/g-substrate was 38.55% and 88.80% respectively. Addition 2% (v/v) of Tween 20 to EFB hydrolysis reaction with cellulase concentration 10 FPU/g-substrate gave the conversion 87.30%. This addition enhance the cellulase performance up to 226.5% or similar with the performance of cellulase 15 FPU/g substrate. Addition 2% (v/v) of Span 85 to the similar reaction only enhances cellulase performance to 174.7%. Hydrolysis conversion of boiling-pretreated water-hyacinth and autoclave-pretreated water-hyacinth using cellulase 15 FPU/g-substrate was 45.84% and 52.29% respectively. Addition 2% (v/v) of Tween 20 and Span 85 to boiling-pretreated water-hyacinth hydrolysis with cellulase concentration 15 FPU/g-substrate enhance cellulase performance of 128.9% and 153.5% respectively. Addition 1% (v/v) of Tween 20 and Span 85 to the similar reaction with cellulase concentration 10 FPU/g-substrate gave conversions 51.00% and 53.79% respectively, or similar with conversion of autoclave-pretreated water-hyacinth hydrolysis with 15 FPU/g-substrate

POTENCY AND CHALLENGES IN THE COMMERCIALIZATION OF BIOETHANOL FIRST AND SECOND GENERATION IN INDONESIA

This article introduces the current status of bioethanol commercialization in Indonesia. The review includes government policy and technical approach of bioethanol production regarding its efficient production methods. Molasses is the only first generation’s bioethanol raw material that is used for commercialization so far. Its potency is about 1.3 to 1.6 million tons a year and only 30 to 40 percent is used for bioethanol production. Meanwhile, a second-generation bioethanol pilot plant has been established and is still being optimized to improve its effectiveness. Currently, there is no report for the consumption of bioethanol for fuel even though there is a regulation from the Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources No. 12/2015 for using 5 percent ethanol (E5) as a gasoline blending in the year 2020. Recently, Pertamina, a national energy company, has taken the initiative to launch the A20 (alcohol 20 percent that consists of 15 percent methanol and 5 percent ethanol) to overcome the still-high price of ethanol. Besides fuel grade ethanol (FGE), industrial grade ethanol (IGE) consumption was about 100 million liters in 2019. Second generation bioethanol potency is about five million liters only from 44 million tons of oil palm empty fruit bunch yearly. The production of bioethanol, both first and second generations, is still promising in the future

STUDI POLA KONSUMSI TEH DI INDONESIA UNTUK MENDUKUNG DIVERSIFIKASI PRODUK YANG BERKELANJUTAN (A Study of Tea Consumption Pattern in Indonesia Toward Sustainable Product Diversification)

Research to explore consumer perspective toward tea product requirements has been being emphasized around the globe, as well as the advancing variety of consumer demand and market competitiveness. Particularly in Indonesia, broader market needs and government relevant policies toward environmental consideration made these issues also need to be significantly addressed. This study aimed to analyze tea in consumption patterns Indonesia to support diversified sustainable products. The research design was conducted using survey method. A questionnaire was developed using structured interviews, with the number of respondents as many as 188 people. This survey was accommodating general type of tea such as green tea, white tea, black tea, etc. The result showed that respondents’ preferences toward tea belong to tea bags the most, with percentage 57.45%, powdered tea 28.19% and ready to drink tea 14.36%. Respondents age of 31-40 years old most widely consumed tea everyday (1.90 cup.day-1). As many as 78.19% of respondents were chose to consumed plain tea, followed by milk added tea 12.23% and creamer added tea 9.57%.   Further analysis using the Likelihood Ratio Test showed that age, gender and occupation factors were not a significant factor in the variety of tea types. To support the sustainable tea industry consumer behavior is also very important to be studied because consumers usually ask for high production standards but with a cheap cost.Keywords: consumption pattern, preference, product diversification, sustainable industry, teaABSTRAKPenelitian mengenai eksplorasi perspektif konsumen terhadap persyaratan produk teh telah menjadi perhatian dunia, seiring dengan meningkatnya permintaan konsumen dan daya saing pasar. Khususnya di Indonesia, kebutuhan pasar yang lebih luas dan kebijakan pemerintah yang relevan terhadap pertimbangan lingkungan membuat masalah ini juga perlu ditangani secara signifikan. Penelitian ini memiliki tujuan untuk menganalisis pola konsumsi teh di Indonesia untuk mendukung diversifikasi produk yang berkelanjutan. Desain penelitian dilakukan dengan menggunakan metode survei. Kuesioner dikembangkan menggunakan wawancara terstruktur, dengan jumlah responden sebanyak 188 orang. Survei ini mengakomodasi teh secara umum, seperti teh hijau, teh putih, teh hitam, dan lain-lain . Hasil penelitian menunjukkan preferensi responden terhadap teh yang paling dominan adalah jenis teh celup (57,45%), teh serbuk (28,19%) dan teh siap minum (14,36%). Responden dengan usia 31-40 tahun paling banyak menkonsumsi teh setiap hari (1,90 gelas.hari-1). Sebanyak 78,19% responden memilih konsumsi teh tawar setiap hari, diikuti oleh teh dengan susu 12,23% dan teh dengan krimer 9,57%. Hasil analisis lebih lanjut menggunakan Likelihood Ratio Test, didapatkan bahwa antara variabel usia, jenis kelamin dan pekerjaan tidak terdapat pengaruh yang signifikan dalam pemilihan jenis teh.Kata kunci: diversifikasi produk, industri berkelanjutan, pola konsumsi, preferensi, te

Penentuan kondisi optimum fermentasi padat Trichoderma Hamatum pada media tumbuh dedak padi dalam produksi selulase menggunakan Response Surface Methodology

Optimum condition for solid fermentation of Trichoderma hamatum in rice bran in order to produce cellulase had been studied by using Response Surface methodology (RSM). Fermentation condition variables that observed was water to rice bran ratio, urea and inoculums additions cellulase activity in FPU/gds (gram of dry solid) became the only dependent variable. The result of empirical equation from this study was proven to be valid within water to rice bran ratio 0,5 - 0,7, urea and inoculums addition where 2-3 % and 1-2% of rice bran weight respactively. Maximum cellulase activity that can be obtain within these ranges was 4.99 ± 0.92 FPU/gds

PRELIMINARY STUDIES FOR PRODUCING CRUDE LIPASE FROM TEMPEâ??S MOULD CULTIVATED IN RICE-HUSK-BASED SOLID MEDIA

The goal of these preliminary studies is to support Indonesian program for increasing palm oil added value through independent production technology based on Indonesian natural resources. Various palm oil derivatives could be synthesized enzymatically using lipase from microbes that available in Indonesia. Tempe&rsqu

Optimisation of Enzymatic Methanolysis of Indonesian Palm Oil to Produce Monoacylglycerols

Monoacylglycerols (MAGs) synthesis from methanolysis of refined, bleached and deodorized (RBD) Indonesian palm oil catalyzed by Novozyme was carried out. Response surface methodology (RSM) based on a three-level, three-variable central composite rotatable design (CCRD) was used to evaluate the interactive effects of synthesis, temperature (30&ndas

ELECTRICITY-FREE PRODUCTION OF ACTIVATED CARBON FROM BIOMASS IN BORNEO TO IMPROVE WATER QUALITY

Activated carbons (ACs) were prepared from biomass of Borneo island (wood charcoal, peat, and coconut husk) by using an electricity–free furnace, of which the energy source was exclusively wood charcoal. This furnace was comprised of two parts, an inner vessel equipped with water inlet for steam activation and an outer shell as a heating part for the inner vessel. The inside temperature of the inner vessel was able to reach over 1000 oC. Peat and wood charcoal were converted to AC by carbonization followed by steam activation, and the specific BET surface areas of resultant ACs were 889 m2/g and 749 m2/g, respectively. A mobile apparatus for water purification was newly designed and fabricated with the resultant AC, together with a white quartz sand, which is called keranggas in Kalimantan. The CODOH of both polluted creek water by the University of Palangka Raya and Kahayan River water were remarkably decreased by the purification with the designed apparatus from 20.0 mgO/L to 0.93 mgO/L, and 18.2 mgO/L to 0.74 mgO/L, respectively. Thus, the newly designed furnace and purification apparatus were shown to be highly effective tools to produce a promising agent for water purification and to produce clarified water without use of electricity, respectively

Conversion of Sunan Candlenut Oil to Aromatic Hydrocarbons with Hydrocracking Process Over Nano-HZSM-5 Catalyst

In this paper, the catalysts (Nano-HZSM-5 and Fe-La/nano HZSM-5) were prepared with incipient wetness impregnation and applied for hydrocracking of Sunan candlenut oil. The hydrocracking process was conducted in a batch reactor with a pressure of 20-30 bar H2 gas for 2 h under various temperatures. The results demonstrated that hydrocracking of Sunan candlenut oil using nano HZSM-5 and Fe-La/NHZ catalysts could be converted into aromatic hydrocarbons, and the reaction temperature affected hydrocarbon production. The aromatic compounds, such as propyl-benzene, 1-ethyl-3-methylbenzene, heptyl-benzene, 2-ethyl-naphthalene, etc., reached 35.51% over the Fe-La/NHZ_2 catalyst. In all cases, the zeolite-based catalysts are the most suitable to produce aromatic hydrocarbons. Metal impregnated (Fe and La) on nano HZSM-5 catalyst could improve the aromatics compounds due to increased metal and acid sites. Copyright © 2024 by Authors, Published by BCREC Publishing Group. This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0)

The renewability indicator and cumulative degree of perfection for gamboeng tea; part.1, exergy calculation of fresh tea leaf

Renewability Indicator (RI) and Cumulative Degree of Perfection (CDP) are employed as tools to assess sustainability of Gamboeng Tea. The assessment then compared with black tea process in Black Sea Region in Turkey from the previous study. Exergy analysis for Gamboeng tea was decribed in two part of articles. This first part was desribing the energy and exergy calculation for producing fresh tea leaf in Gamboeng tea plantation. The energy and exergy utilization for black sea fresh tea leaves was calculated to be 807.83 MJ/t of fresh leaf, 273.43MJ/t of fresh leaf, respectively. For the Gamboeng green tea, the energy and exergy utilization were 1496.38 MJ/ t of fresh leaf and 821.86 MJ/t of fresh leaf, respectively.The second part desribed cooperation of wood pellet with ambient-adapting controller uin tea factorywas a contribution from Gamboeng Tea for achieving Sustainable Development Goal which is affordable and clean energy and also an applicable climate action