Evaluation of intramuscular lateral distribution profile of topically administered acetaminophen in rats

&#65279;To clarify to what extent topically administered drug molecules horizontally permeate into tissues surrounding the administration site, the intramuscular lateral concentration profile of acetaminophen was investigated in vivo using the microdialysis method in rats. When acetaminophen was intramuscularly administered for 6 hr in a pinpoint manner at a constant rate of 3 &#956;g/min, it was clearly detected in the muscle surrounding the administration site, being 17.5 &#956;g/ml when measured at a 2 mm distance from the administration site. The concentration in the muscle was decreased as the distance increased, and those measured at 5 mm and 40 mm were 0.35 &#956;g/ml and 0.09 &#956;g/ml, respectively. In addition, it was shown that the concentration in the muscle at 40 mm reflected the compound’s concentration in plasma, but not the compound’s horizontal permeation from the administration site. With these observations, the intramuscular distribution profile of acetaminophen was numerically characterized according to Fick’s law. As a result, it was revealed that horizontal permeation is the primary process accountable for the increased intramuscular concentration only in the area adjacent to the administration site, and the radius of the adjacent area was calculated to be 5.80 mm for acetaminophen. </p

INVESTIGATION OF BULGING BEHAVIOR OF COKE DRUM -A PRACTICAL ANALYSIS OF BULGING UNDER COMPLEX QUENCH CONDITIONS

ABSTRACT Coke drums undergo cyclic operations typically in the temperature range from room temperature to about 500°C (930°F). During quenching, the coke drum is inevitably subjected to a rapid drop in temperature because cooling water is injected directly into the coke drum through the bottom inlet nozzle. The temperature profile on the shell surface is uneven during quenching, and can vary in each cycle of the quenching operation. Such a complicated thermal profile induces large strains in the shell portion of the coke drum, and eventually causes damage like bulging and/or cracking. INTRODUCTION Coke drums in oil refineries are designed to upgrade and convert petroleum residuum into liquid and gas product streams leaving behind a solid concentrated petroleum coke. Coke drum diameters range from 4 to 9.8meters (13 to 32&apos;) with the straight side being around 25meters (82&apos;). Usually the drum is fabricated from more than 25mm (2&quot;) thickness of chromemolybdenum low alloy steel and is clad internally with 2.8mm (7/64&quot;) of stainless steel for protection against sulfur corrosion. The outside of the drum is insulated with around 10cm (4&quot;) of fiberglass insulation. The authors have investigated the bulging behavior of the coke drum by the thermal elastic-plastic FE-analysis, considering the existence of the overmatch welds and uneven temperature field during quenchin

Clinical Analysis of Perforated Intestinal Behcet Disease

Clinical pattern of perforated intestinal Behcet disease was analyzed in the five patients who underwent surgery in terms of preoperative symptoms, the condition of perforation, the extent of resection and recurrence. In the experienced patients, recurrences were included in four of the five patients in spite of treatment. Perforation was based on deep multiple ulcers, characteristic of the punchedout type. It is emphasized that intestinal Behcet disease is more likely to occur as a catastrophic event of perforation which requires an urgent operation, and more extensive resection is mandatory for prevention of recurrence

Esophageal Carcinomas with Synchronous and Metachronous Primary Malignant Carcinomas in Other Organs

Seventeen patients with 10 synchronous and 7 metachronous double cancers with carcinomas of the esophagus were surgically treated in the First Department of Surgery, Nagasaki University School of Medicine. All patients were men with an average of age 68.5. The incidence of double cancers with carcinoma of the esophagus accounted for 12.7% in a total of 134 of this series. The three triple cancers were included. Of the three, one was synchronous triple cancers in the esophagus, the stomach and the colon. The outcome was not necessarily satisfactory. Two had recurrence 3 and 5 months after surgery, but one is still alive for 33 months, free from carcinoma

Significance of Needle Aspiration Biopsy for Breast Cancer

The results of aspiration biopsy cytology were clinically evaluated on the basis of clinical experience with 608 patients with breast cancer at the First Department of Surgery, Nagasaki University School of Medicine. Aspiration biopsy is of clinical value in making a diagnosis of small-sized tumors. There was no detrimental outcome to promote tumor-cell spread locally as well as to give rise to distant metastasis into the other organ. One should be aware of a no cell finding in relation to scirrhous carcinoma and intraductal papillomatosis. Emphasis is placed on recommendation of open biopsy without repeated aspiration maneuver

Mutant huntingtin impairs Ku70-mediated DNA repair

Mutant huntingtin prevents interaction of the DNA damage repair complex component Ku70 with damaged DNA, blocking repair of double-strand breaks

Chest tube insertion is one important factor leading to intercostal nerve impairment in thoracic surgery

Objectives: Chest tube insertion seems to be one important factor leading to intercostal nerve impairment. The purpose of this prospective study was to objectively evaluate intercostal nerve damage using current perception threshold testing in association with chest tube insertion. Methods: Sixteen patients were enrolled in this study. Intercostal nerve function was assessed with a series of 2000-Hz (Aβ fiber), 250-Hz (Aδ fiber), and 5-Hz (C fiber) stimuli using current perception threshold testing (Neurometer CPT/C R). Current perception threshold values at chest tube insertion were measured before surgery, during chest tube insertion and after removal of the chest tube. Intensities of ongoing pain were also assessed using a numeric rating scale (0-10). Results: Current perception thresholds at each frequency after surgery were significantly higher than before surgery. Numeric rating scale scores for pain were significantly reduced from 3.3 to 1.9 after removal of the chest tube (p = 0.004). The correlation between current perception threshold value at 2000 Hz and intensity of ongoing pain was marginally significant (p = 0.058). Conclusions: This is the first study to objectively evaluate intercostal nerve damage at chest tube insertion. The results confirmed that chest tube insertion has clearly deleterious effects on intercostal nerve function

Enzymatic Properties of Sal. typhi (Ⅰ) Part 1. The Enzymatic Activity of the Cells Shaken for a Certain Period of Time without Addition of Substrate Part 2. The Enzymatic Activity of Cells Shaken for a certain period of time with Addtion of Substrate

Shaking cell suspensions without addition of substrate, O(2)-uptakes were compared in the cases where C source was added as the substrate and in those where amino acids were added as the substrate, after 1, 2.5, 5, and 10 hours respectively; and the following results were obtained: 1. The O(2)-uptake in the case using C source as the substrate is generally diminished in proportion to the length of time the cell suspension was shaken, but the degree of such a diminition varies with substrate. In the case using the C source other than succinate the diminition in O(2)-consumption after the first hour's shaking is marked. In comparing the O(2)-uptake-time curves of shaken cells, on the whole the curve is relatively straight, whereas in the control, cells not shaken, the O(2)-consumption generally decreases by 60 minutes and the curve is a downward curvature. 2. Of amino acids in the case where aspartate or glutamate is used as the substrate, O(2)-uptake rather increases after shaking for 2.5～5 hours. In the case where valine or histidine is used as the substrate, although in the control cells no difference can be seen from endogenous O(2)-utake, shaken cells show differences. 3. The facts mentioned in (1) and (2) seem to indicate that substances existing in cells possiblly playing the role of substrate are consumed by shaking. Shaking after the addition of such a higher C source as glucose and observing cells while a portion of the substrate still remains, the O(2) uptake is greater when the substrate used is such a higher C source or substances closely related to the oxidation pathway. In contrast to this, in the case of cells where the added substance is completely consumed by shaking, the O(2)-uptake is greater when the substances added are such terminal substances of the oxida ion pathway as lactate, pyruvate and acetate. This fact seems to reflect the changes in the arrangement of the enzyme system of cells in the course of oxidation of the subtances added at the time of shaking. In the case of cells shaken after the addition of alanine, aspartate, or glutamate, the O(2)uptake in the cases where substrates are such as aspartate and glutamate besides the substance added at the time of shaking is rather great. This seems to be due to the adaptability of cells to any one of amino acids because of the transamination taking place during the shaking. Moreover, the enzymatic activity of cells is gonerally greater when shaken after the addition of some substances than when shaken without addition of substrate

Enzymatic Properties of Sal. typhi (Ⅰ) Part 1. The Enzymatic Activity of the Cells Shaken for a Certain Period of Time without Addition of Substrate Part 2. The Enzymatic Activity of Cells Shaken for a certain period of time with Addtion of Substrate

Shaking cell suspensions without addition of substrate, O(2)-uptakes were compared in the cases where C source was added as the substrate and in those where amino acids were added as the substrate, after 1, 2.5, 5, and 10 hours respectively; and the following results were obtained: 1. The O(2)-uptake in the case using C source as the substrate is generally diminished in proportion to the length of time the cell suspension was shaken, but the degree of such a diminition varies with substrate. In the case using the C source other than succinate the diminition in O(2)-consumption after the first hour's shaking is marked. In comparing the O(2)-uptake-time curves of shaken cells, on the whole the curve is relatively straight, whereas in the control, cells not shaken, the O(2)-consumption generally decreases by 60 minutes and the curve is a downward curvature. 2. Of amino acids in the case where aspartate or glutamate is used as the substrate, O(2)-uptake rather increases after shaking for 2.5～5 hours. In the case where valine or histidine is used as the substrate, although in the control cells no difference can be seen from endogenous O(2)-utake, shaken cells show differences. 3. The facts mentioned in (1) and (2) seem to indicate that substances existing in cells possiblly playing the role of substrate are consumed by shaking. Shaking after the addition of such a higher C source as glucose and observing cells while a portion of the substrate still remains, the O(2) uptake is greater when the substrate used is such a higher C source or substances closely related to the oxidation pathway. In contrast to this, in the case of cells where the added substance is completely consumed by shaking, the O(2)-uptake is greater when the substances added are such terminal substances of the oxida ion pathway as lactate, pyruvate and acetate. This fact seems to reflect the changes in the arrangement of the enzyme system of cells in the course of oxidation of the subtances added at the time of shaking. In the case of cells shaken after the addition of alanine, aspartate, or glutamate, the O(2)uptake in the cases where substrates are such as aspartate and glutamate besides the substance added at the time of shaking is rather great. This seems to be due to the adaptability of cells to any one of amino acids because of the transamination taking place during the shaking. Moreover, the enzymatic activity of cells is gonerally greater when shaken after the addition of some substances than when shaken without addition of substrate