Chiteki kankyoka ni okeru ishi kettei shien no tame no shisutemu furemuwaku

制度:新 ; 報告番号:甲3285号 ; 学位の種類:博士(工学) ; 授与年月日:2011/2/25 ; 早大学位記番号:新558

Applying Pervasive Technologies to Create Economic Incentives that Alter Consumer Behavior

Economic incentives are a powerful way of shaping consumer behavior towards more commercially efficient and environmentally sustainable patterns. In this paper, we explore the idea of combining pervasive computing techniques with electronic payment systems to create activity-based microincentives. Users who consume additional resources by e.g., occupying an air-conditioned space instead of a normal space are levied additional micro-payments. In an alternative approach, consumers who choose to save resources are rewarded with micro-rebates off the price of a service. As a result, the cost of using a service corresponds more closely with the resources used, leading market mechanisms to allocate resources efficiently. A key challenge is designing incentive mechanisms that alter consumer behavior in the desired fashion. We introduce four incentive models, and present evaluation results suggesting that consumers make different decisions depending on which model is used

Experimental and Theoretical Analyses of Azulene Synthesis from Tropones and Active Methylene Compounds: Reaction of 2-Methoxytropone and Malononitrile

A representative azulene formation from an active troponoid precursor (2-methoxytropone) and an active methylene compound (malononitrile) has been analyzed both experimentally and theoretically. ²H-Tracer experiments using 2-methoxy­[3,5,7-²H₃]­tropone (<b>2</b>-<i>d</i>₃) and malononitrile anion give 2-amino-1,3-dicyano­[4,6,8-²H₃]­azulene (<b>1</b>-<i>d</i>₃) in quantitative yield. New and stable ²H-incorporated reaction intermediates have been isolated, and main intermediates have been detected by careful low-temperature NMR measurements. The detection has been guided by mechanistic considerations and B3LYP/6-31­(+)­G­(d) calculations. The facile and quantitative one-pot formation of azulene <b>1</b> has been found to consist of a number of consecutive elementary processes: (a) The troponoid substrate, 2-methoxytropone (<b>2</b>), is subject to a nucleophilic substitution by the attack of malononitrile anion (HC­(CN)₂^–) to form a Meisenheimer-type complex <b>3</b>, which is rapidly converted to 2-troponylmalononitrile anion (<b>5</b>). (b) The anion <b>5</b> is converted to an isolable intermediate, 2-imino-2<i>H</i>-cyclohepta­[<i>b</i>]­furan-3-carbonitrile (<b>6</b>), by the first ring closure in the reaction. (c) A nucleophilic addition of the second HC­(CN)₂^– toward the imine <b>6</b> at the C-8a position produces the second Meisenheimer-type adduct <b>7</b>. (d) The second ring closure leads to 1-carbamoyl-1,3-dicyano-2-imino-2,3-dihydroazulene (<b>11</b>). A base attacks the imine <b>11</b>, which results in generation of a conjugate base <b>12</b> of the final product, azulene <b>1</b>