近世後期の焼畑小作と村社会 : 阿波国那賀郡木頭村を中心に

This article reexamines the empirical history of early modern slash-and-burn tenant farming, which, in the field of economic forestry history, has long been viewed as one of the conditions that supported the rise of commercial forestry. In the Naka River’s Upper Watershed, the main houses of local families owned fields known as kirihata used for slash-and-burn agriculture. Customarily, branch houses engaged in slash-and-burn farming under the direction of main houses. In addition, local archival records enable us to confirm the existence of slash-and-burn tenant farming during the mid-eighteenth century. In the case of slash-and-burn tenant farming, the wner and tenant, who was another villager outside the owner’s kinship network, would enter a contract, which stipulated the lease period and rental rate. Once the lease period had ended, the tenant would return the property to the owner. For the tenant, slash-and-burn tenant farming represented a chance to farm fields other than those controlled by their clan\u27s main house. The emergence of slash-and-burn tenant farming transformed intra-village social relations, which previously centered around kinship networks. Furthermore, because land rents had to be paid in cash, slash-and-burn tenant farming thrust the region into a new economic era in which villagers had to obtain cash by engaging in commercial agriculture

キンセイ ゼンキ トクシマハン ニオケル オハヤシ セイド

This study investigates the regulation of forest preserves, called ohayashi, in Tokushima Domain in the seventeenth century, through an examination of domainal regulations. The material needs for establishing a system of government−such as the construction of a castle, official residences, and naval shipbuilding−necessitated Tokushima Domain to secure large quantities of construction timber. In order to obtain this timber, the domain established forest preserves（ohayashi and tomeyama）, and began to designate exceptionally fine individual trees as goboku and shichiboku（the lord’s trees）, thereby forbidding its harvest without government permission. As the seventeenth century progressed, the domain tightened its regulations, establishing new forest preserves（shin−bayashi）in mountains（noyama）previously open to public harvesting in an attempt to conserve what timber remained there. However, since villagers had been exploiting the resources of these mountains（noyama）freely−for use as fuel, fodder, and fertilizer−the timber on certain mountains became exhausted by the latter half of the century, intensifying the conflict between the domainal lord and peasants over the use of mountain resources. Although the domain sought to appease the peasants by granting permission to use forest preserves not earmarked for the lord’s use, and encouraged the cultivation of goboku, such initiatives could not resolve the fundamental issues at stake

キンセイ コウキ トクシマハン ニオケル オハヤシ ノ ブンプ ト トクチョウ

Utilizing domainal maps and the newly discovered Ohayashi nariyuki−ki（A Record of the Development of Domainal Forests）, this article elucidates the spatial distribution and characteristics of domainal forests in Tokushima Domain from the second half of the eighteenth century to the first half of the nineteenth century. There were few domainal forests in northern Awa Province. Initially, most such forests were small and comprised of pine trees and a blend of smaller trees and shrubs. The domain did not seek to obtain official supplies of lumber from northern domainal forests. Rather, they gave farmers and villages shared access to these forests, while also granting them collective ownership of the proceeds generated by those forests. In exchange, the domainal authorities collected an annual levy from farmers and villagers. In contrast, in the Katsuura and Naka River Basins in southern Awa Province, the authorities established a concentration of large−scale domainal forests, from which they obtained official supplies of lumber. Those forests included not only small trees and bushes, which were used for firewood, but also supplies of Japanese cedar, Japanese cypress, and other large, higher−quality trees, which were used to manufacture construction materials. In addition, the southern part of Awa province offered the added benefit that lumber could be easily transported down the Katsuura and Naka Rivers. By the second half of the eighteenth century, the domainal authorities had already begun carrying out officially administered tree planting programs in the southern part of the province. Even within the limited area of Tokushima domain, domainal forests displayed distinct regional characteristics. Therefore, a concrete, locally focused analysis of the mountain village communities that subsisted in connection with these domainal forests is essential

近世前期阿波国真言宗寺院における本末関係の形成 : 五番札所・無尽山荘厳院地蔵寺を中心に

Although Shogonin-Jizo Temple (The Fifth Site on Shikoku\u27s 88-Temple Pilgrimage Route) was under the authority of the Koyasan Temple Organization, it was independent in the sense that it lacked a specific main temple to which it was directly subordinate. By the end of the eighteenth century, it had become one of Awa Province\u27s most influential Shingon Buddhist temples, with 45 sub-temples under its authority. This article seeks to elucidate the process whereby local main temple-subordinate temple relationships were formed in the seventeenth century. During the early seventeenth century, Jizo Temple established authority over its sub-temples through the propagation of a specific set of Buddhist teachings, ultimately securing, as customary privilege, the right to appoint sub-temple head priests and collect monetary offerings from temple parishioners at the time of funerals. These rights, however, ultimately led to a dispute between Jizo Temple and its sub-temples, which attempted to gain their independence. In Genna 9 (1623), Jizo Temple secured victory in the dispute after receiving an official declaration from H an, guardian of the second lord of Awa Domain, Hachisuka Tadateru. At the same time, it successfully established control over its sub-temples, which were organized into groups known as shubun. Also, during approximately the same period, Jizo Temple obtained a sealed declaration from H an, which granted the Temple official permission to disseminate the Buddhist teachings of Koyasan\u27s Shomoin Temple. By obtaining an official declaration from H an, Jizo Temple was, from the Genna period onward, able to quash efforts on the part of its sub-temples to obtain independence. Following the promulgation of the Kanbun 5 (1665) “Laws for Temples of the Various Buddhist Sects,” Jizo Temple was at last able to formally establish itself as a “main temple” and, during the second half of the seventeenth century, to assert unitary control over all of its subordinates, which were formally classified as “sub-temples.” By securing an official declaration from H an and a sealed proclamation guaranteeing it the right to spread the Buddhist teachings of Shomoin Temple, Jizo Temple succeeded in establishing a direct connection, via the medium of Buddhist instruction, with Shomoin Temple, which it then transmitted to its sub-temples. By doing so, Jiz succeeded in asserting authority over local sub-temples, despite the fact that it lacked direct affiliation with a major central temple authority

Intermittent Beginning to the Formation of Hydrogenous Ferromanganese Nodules in the Vast Field: Insights from Multi-Element Chemostratigraphy Using Microfocus X-ray Fluorescence

南極からの海洋深層水が「国産コバルト資源」を生み出した --南鳥島周辺に広大なマンガンノジュール密集域が形成された原因を特定--. 京都大学プレスリリース. 2022-01-12.Vast ferromanganese nodule fields have been found on the deep-sea floor of all oceans worldwide. They have received attention because they potentially provide high-grade metal resources to develop future high- and green-technology. However, how these vast nodule fields were formed and developed owing to their widespread nature or tendency to be denser with an increasing number of nodules has not yet been established. In this study, the fine-scale inner structure of nodules of various sizes was analyzed on the basis of chemical mapping using microfocus X-ray fluorescence. We found that nodules distributed in the vast field around Minamitorishima (Marcus) Island have several types of innermost layers, which correspond to different chemostratigraphic layers of nodules that have been previously reported by us in this region. As nodules grow in order from the center to the outside, the different types in the innermost layer indicate a difference in the timing of the beginning of their growth. Moreover, because the differences in the chemical features of each layer reflect differences in the composition of the original deep-sea water, our results imply that the beginning of nodule formation occurred intermittently at each time of a water mass replacement due to new deep-sea currents flowing into this region. We recognized that the northern part of the study area was dominated by large nodules that started to grow in relatively earlier times, while the southern part tended to have many nodules that grew in relatively later times. Based on these observations, we hypothesize that the intermittent beginning of nodule formation is governed by the northward inflow of the deep-sea current that originated from the Lower Circumpolar Deep Water for an extended time to form the vast nodule field. Because patterns in the timing of nodule formation were different in the eastern and western regions, we thus further propose that the topographic framework, i.e., the arrangement of individual large seamounts and the cluster of small knolls and petit-spot volcanoes, strongly regulates the flow path of the deep-sea current, even if the position of the entire seamount changes owing to plate motion. The deep-sea current might supply some materials to be nuclei, resulting in the nodule formation at the beginning of the process

Low-mass star formation triggered by early supernova explosions

We study the formation of low-mass and extremely metal-poor stars in the early universe. Our study is motivated by the recent discovery of a low-mass (M < 0.8 Msun) and extremely metal-poor (Z <= 4.5 x 10^{-5} Zsun) star in the Galactic halo by Caffau et al. We propose a model that early supernova (SN) explosions trigger the formation of low-mass stars via shell fragmentation. We first perform one-dimensional hydrodynamic simulations of the evolution of an early SN remnant. We show that the shocked shell undergoes efficient radiative cooling and then becomes gravitationally unstable to fragment and collapse in about ten million years. We then follow the thermal evolution of the collapsing fragments using a one-zone code. Our one-zone calculation treats chemistry and radiative cooling self-consistently in low-metallicity gas. The collapsing gas cloud evolves roughly isothermally, until it cools rapidly by dust continuum emission at the density 10^{13}-10^{14} /cc. The cloud core then becomes thermally and gravitationally unstable and fragments. We argue that early SNe can trigger the formation of low-mass stars in the extremely metal-poor environment as Caffau et al. discovered recently.Comment: [v1] Submitted to ApJ Letters, 11 pages, 3 figures: [v2] matches version published in ApJ (main journal), 8 pages, 6 figures. Parameter regions we investigate (initial ambient gas density surrounding the progenitor star) are widene

歩き遍路を主体とした鳴門教育大学「阿波学」における教科横断型授業の展開

Naruto University of Education offers an undergraduate class called "Awa (Tokushima) Studies", which is taught by twelve instructors whose specialties span history, geography, psychology, art, physical education, and linguistics. In this class, after studying the background and history of Ohenro, a pilgrimage route in Shikoku, in classroom lectures, the students and the instructors walk a part of the pilgrimage route on a one-night-two-day trip, in which interdisciplinary studies are practiced. This class is an ideal opportunity for teacher training and therefore can serve to strategically promote Naruto University of Education as a unique university in offering such a class