Export networking challenges and opportunities for manufacturing firms from developing countries : the case of Eritrea

The studies in Netherlands and Ugandan footwear and textile export market have shown that no subcontracting and joint venture business opportunities were found. This is mainly because of three main factors. Firstly, there is no need for the importers in the Netherlands and Uganda to make risky investment on setting manufacturing facilities. There are manufacturers who are capable of producing a product according to the importer requirements. Then the point is how to get the reliable manufacturer who can accommodate the orders. Most of theimporters prefer to remain as wholesalers or retailers rather than diversifying to production. Secondly, the unstable political situations in developing countries make investment more risky. Finally, the wholesalers and retailers need to be flexible. Consequently, the case studies have shown that at present flexible supply contracting is becoming popular in the footwear and textile business. The findings show that only agents wholesalers and retailers are active in the Netherlands footwear and textile export market. The intermediaries in the Netherlands are well placed in the local target market, have considerable local market knowledge and crucial contacts with potential customers. Thus it is easier for the footwear and textile manufacturers in Eritrea to enter into the Netherlands footwear and textile export market through a vertical business network with wholesalers and retailers than bypassing them. However, to improve their product quality and expand their production capacity the Eritrean manufacturers need to establish a horizontal business network. The high uncertainty in the Ugandan export market due to the lack of trust in the marketing channel, and inefficient contract enforcing institutions precludes the footwear and textile manufacturers in Eritrea from appointing agents in Uganda. Moreover, wholesalers and retailers in Uganda often travel to markets where they can find different varieties of footwear and textiles from which they can choose. They buy limited volume of footwear and textiles from each design. As a result direct presence in the Ugandan market can help the Eritrean footwear and textile manufacturers to enlarge their sales by collecting orders even from the immediate customers. However, to enter to the Ugandan footwear and textile export markets through the aforementioned strategy, the footwear and textile manufacturers in Eritrea need to establish horizontal business networks relationships among themselves. The horizontal business network relationships among the manufacturers will help them to mobilise the financial and human resources needed to establish a sales outlet in Uganda. This thesis concludes establishing horizontal business network with fellow manufacturers and vertical business network with cotton and leather suppliers, and footwear and textile buyers in the Netherlands and Uganda are preconditions for the Eritrean manufacturers to penetrate to the international market. Moreover horizontal business sub-networks are necessary to improving product quality, expanding production capacity, and mobilizing resources. In view of this conclusion two types of horizontal business network organisations and three types of vertical business network relationships have been recommended to co-ordinate the entry to export markets. A distinction between a network organisation and a network relationship has been made. Organisations have their own administration and continuity is a major goal, while relationships are order based and have a relatively flexible status.

Performance, Potential and Prospects of Fisheries Sector in Eritrea..pdf

Fish is important from the point of view of food and nutritional security, especially in developing countries. Most of the countries having sea gates and those having lakes are using different methods and techniques to exploit their fisheries sector to achieve their food security. Eritrea as one of the countries that has sea gate, also aims at using its fisheries resources to tackle the question of food security. It has a coastline that is more than 1,100 km long. The Red Sea is one of the underexploited potential fisheries resources in Eritrea. It is stated that Eritrea has the potential of maximum sustainable yield of 80,000 metric tons. But so far, research shows, the Eritrean fisheries sector is exploiting only 13% of this potential. So the Eritrean fishery is not yet optimally exploited. Therefore, it is an underutilized resource of the country. It does not yet contribute much towards food security of the country. This paper will examine the performance, potential and prospects of Eritrean fisheries and look at the main physical constraints in fish production such as the crafts and gear used in fishing. The paper also looks into the relationship of these factors to total fish landed in the country and the necessary steps that has to be taken to enhance fisheries production in the country. Keywords: Fisheries development, artisanal fisheries, mechanized fisheries, Eritre

Performance, Potential and Prospects of Fisheries Sector in Eritrea.pdf

Fish is important from the point of view of food and nutritional security, especially in developing countries. Most of the countries having sea gates and those having lakes are using different methods and techniques to exploit their fisheries sector to achieve their food security. Eritrea as one of the countries that has sea gate, also aims at using its fisheries resources to tackle the question of food security. It has a coastline that is more than 1,100 km long. The Red Sea is one of the underexploited potential fisheries resources in Eritrea. It is stated that Eritrea has the potential of maximum sustainable yield of 80,000 metric tons. But so far, research shows, the Eritrean fisheries sector is exploiting only 13% of this potential. So the Eritrean fishery is not yet optimally exploited. Therefore, it is an underutilized resource of the country. It does not yet contribute much towards food security of the country. This paper will examine the performance, potential and prospects of Eritrean fisheries and look at the main physical constraints in fish production such as the crafts and gear used in fishing. The paper also looks into the relationship of these factors to total fish landed in the country and the necessary steps that has to be taken to enhance fisheries production in the country. Keywords: Fisheries development, artisanal fisheries, mechanized fisheries, Eritre

Effect of air pollution on morbidity in Sweden

Many studies on air pollution have been done on mortality, morbidity and hospital admissions. Little has been done on air pollution and selected air pollution-related morbidities. This research tried to fill this gap. In this research, I study the effect of air pollution on the number of total patients per 100K inhabitants on the 21 Swedish counties. I selected 4 air pollutants mainly: sulphur oxides, particulate matter 2.5μg/m3, particulate matter 10μg/m3 and total suspended particulate; and 11 diseases that are commonly known to be caused by air pollution on the epidemiological scientific literatures. The study is a panel data over the period 2005-2016 across Swedish counties. I use information of annual concentrations of the air pollutants at a county level. I incorporated socio-economic control variables for estimating the health effect of air pollution and employed the fixed effect static estimation model. It is observed that air pollution, specifically PM2.5 and TSP have a linear positive effect on the number of patients per 100K inhabitants in all the Swedish counties. Number of personnel per 100K inhabitants and population density are found to have positive and negative associations with the number of patients respectively. The results suggested a 1% increase in PM2.5 and TSP leads to a 0.113% and 0.177% increases in the number of patients per 100K inhabitants respectively. When breaking down all the selected disease, then SOx is positively associated with PHD, PM2.5 is positively associated with OFHD, GU and DU, and TSP is positively associated with PHD, OFHD, DAAC, OUDCS and DRS. The cost estimation indicated that the average annual per capita cost due to PM2.5 and TSP is SEK 18 558 and 18 594 respectively. The direct cost due to PM2.5 and TSP is around 0.11% of the Swedish GDP and indirect costs accounted for 0.10% of the Swedish GDP. The overall results of this thesis suggest that it is time to initiate policies that will encourage a further reduction in the emissions of PM2.5 and TSP. It is also required that the awareness of people to air pollution to be elevated so that people would have to improve their avoidance behavior which in turn could lead to a better health outcomes. Keywords: panel data, fixed effect model, health production function, SOx, PM2.5, TSP, patients per 100K inhabitants, direct costs and indirect costs

Animal Husbandry And Care

* Qatar University – Laboratory Animal Research Centre (LARC) is providing highest quality animal husbandry and care * LARC is Specific pathogen Free (SPF) facility with state of the art animal housing & supporting instruments * Animal husbandry and care is a vital and critical part of any modern vivarium * Care and management play a major role in keeping the lab animal’s health and diseases free condition * LARC has a housing capacity for 4000 mice and rat. Animals are maintained in Individual Ventilated Cage (IVC) system * LARC animal husbandry & veterinary care practice follows International standards & guideline

Switching Intentions of Service Providers and Cultural Orientation

This study performs a cross-cultural comparison to understand how the drivers of switching intentions differ between countries that vary in their long-term orientation (LTO). The authors hypothesize how LTO moderates the influence of the drivers of switching intentions for a mobile phone subscription service. Structural invariance tests between consumer samples of the United States (low LTO) and the Netherlands (high LTO) reveal that, consumers from high LTO nation attribute more importance to relational quality but care less about service recovery in their formation of switching intentions. The theoretical and managerial implications of how differences in time orientation affect the pathways to loyalty are discussed

Biosecurity And Biosafety In LARC

* LARC is Specific Pathogen Free(SPF) facility * LARC is free of Specific list of Pathogens maintained by routine testing. * Bio security & Bio safety are main components to maintain the LARC facilit

Performance, Potential and Prospects of Fisheries Sector in Eritrea

Fish is important from the point of view of food and nutritional security, especially in developing countries. Most of the countries having sea gates and those having lakes are using different methods and techniques to exploit their fisheries sector to achieve their food security. Eritrea as one of the countries that has sea gate, also aims at using its fisheries resources to tackle the question of food security. It has a coastline that is more than 1,100 km long. The Red Sea is one of the underexploited potential fisheries resources in Eritrea. It is stated that Eritrea has the potential of maximum sustainable yield of 80,000 metric tons. But so far, research shows, the Eritrean fisheries sector is exploiting only 13% of this potential. So the Eritrean fishery is not yet optimally exploited. Therefore, it is an underutilized resource of the country. It does not yet contribute much towards food security of the country. This paper will examine the performance, potential and prospects of Eritrean fisheries and look at the main physical constraints in fish production such as the crafts and gear used in fishing. The paper also looks into the relationship of these factors to total fish landed in the country and the necessary steps that has to be taken to enhance fisheries production in the country. Keywords: Fisheries development, artisanal fisheries, mechanized fisheries, EritreaThe authors are grateful to Ministry of Marine Resources of Eritrea for providing the necessary data and NEPAD for funding the participation in the IIFET 2012 Tanzania Conference

Data mining multiple stakeholders’ responses to declining schizothorax fishery in the lakes of Kashmir, India

This study documented the historical perspective of lake fisheries in Kashmir, India, estimated the trends in fish production using the Kane’s cross impact analysis and the stakeholders’ willingness to pay (WTP) for the restoration of Schizothorax fishery in the lakes of Kashmir. The cross impacts of introduction of carps in the lakes of Kashmir on Schizothorax fishery and total fish production are evaluated by Kane’s cross impact analysis. Considering the obvious shortcomings of logistic regression, Classification and Regression Trees (CART) has been used for data mining multiple stakeholders’ responses to make a case for sustainable development of the Schizothorax fishery in the lakes of Kashmir. On the whole, time spent on the lakes to earn their livelihoods emerged as the root node, as the single most important variable that determined WTP of stakeholders followed by income, type of stakeholder and age in the tree model. The CART analysis not only yielded the variables that determined the WTP but the pruned tree gave the hierarchy of the variables that determined WTP. The results of the study strongly made a case for a concerted multi-institutional action plan for the restoration of Schizothorax fishery in the lakes of Kashmir.Keywords: Modeling and Economic Theory, Environment: Valuation, Fisheries Economic

The impact of generation Y’s customer experience on emotions: online banking sector

Recently, banking sector focused on attracting Generation Y (individuals born between 1980 and 2000) because they have emerged as a huge force with growing spending power which will unavoidably rival with Baby Boomers’ market dominance. They try to attract them through a unique customer experience, especially the ability of differentiation. Using the Mehrabian & Russell’s model of stimulus (S) - organism (O) - response (R), this study developed the Generation Y customer experience framework that intends to explain their consumer emotional responses toward customer experience attributes in a bank through three aspects: pleasure, dominance, and arousal toward online banks. Empirical evidence, based on data from a survey suggests that the overall customer experience attributes in the bank had a positive relation with emotional responses in different ways. “Value for money”, “Getting things right the first time” and “Put the consumer first” emerged as the most important attributes for Generation Y in experiencing a bank.info:eu-repo/semantics/acceptedVersio