Genotype by environment interaction and grain yield stability analysis for advanced triticale (X. Triticosecale Wittmack) genotypes in western Oromia, Ethiopia

Genotypes by environment (gxe) interactions are almost unanimously considered to be among the major factors limiting response to selection and, in general, the efficiency of breeding programs. Cognizant of this fact, 15 advanced triticale genotypes and one standard check, Dilfikir, were evaluated at Arjo, Gedo and Shambu localities in 2010 and 2011, and at Getema in 2011, to identify stable high yielding genotypes and the extent of gxe interaction. The analysis of variance using additive main effect and multiplicative interaction (ammi) model revealed highly significant (P≤0.01) variations among environments, gxe interaction and Interaction Principal Component Analysis (ipca-I) but insignificant variations among genotypes and the remaining ipcas. This implies that, the tested genotypes respond differently over environments as the test environments are highly variable. Only the first ipca-I was significant (p < 0.01) and contributed to 43.86% of the total genotype by environment interaction. It is found that genotypes tcl-70 and tcl-77 are high yielding  next to tcl-76, have ipca value closer to zero, Genotype Selection Index (gsi) of 4 each and ammi stability value (asv) of 0.124 and 0.087, respectively. Analysis using Eberhart and Russell model showed that genotypes tcl-70 and tcl-77 have regression coefficients closer to unity (bi= 1.115 and 1.013) and nearly acceptable deviation from regression (s2di = 0.297 and 0.148), respectively. However, the regression coefficients were significantly different (P≤0.05) from unity for tcl-76, tcl-67, tcl-64, tcl-60, tcl-63 and Dilfikir. Therefore, both tcl-77 and tcl-70 genotypes are proposed for possible release and are recommended for wider adaptability; the uppermost yielding genotype tcl-76, is recommended for specific environme

Correlation studies and path coefficient analysis for seed yield and yield components in Ethiopian coriander accessions

Coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.) is an annual spice herb that belongs to the family Umbelliferae. Even though Ethiopia is a centre of primary diversity for the crop, the current knowledge about its biology, variety development and agronomy is neither complete nor conclusive under Ethiopian conditions. To contribute to filling some of the existing gaps, a field experiment was conducted during the main rainy season of 2007-2008 at Wondo Genet and Kokate, southern Ethiopia. Data for 15 agronomic and quality traits were measured and statistically tested. Moreof the traits were found having high correlation coefficients at genotypic level than the phenotypic level, demonstrating intrinsic associations among the traits. Seeds plant-1 and thousand seeds weight were associatedsignificantly and positively with seed yield plant-1 at phenotypic and genotypic levels. Essential oil and fatty oil contents were negatively associated with most of the trait studied. Path analysis revealed that days to end 50% flowering, longest basal leaf length, plant height, days to 50% maturity and seeds umbellet-1 exerted positive direct effect on seed yield plant-1, indicating that selection using these traits would be effective in improving seed yield in coriander.Key Words: Coriandrum sativum, essential oil, Ethiopia, fatty oi

Novel Expressed Sequence Tag-Derived and Other Genomic Simple Sequence Repeat Markers Revealed Genetic Diversity in Ethiopian Finger Millet Landrace Populations and Cultivars

Finger millet (Eleusine coracana (L.) Geartn.) is a self-pollinating amphidiploid crop cultivated with minimal input for food and feed, as well as a source of income for small-scale farmers. To efficiently assess its genetic diversity for conservation and use in breeding programs, polymorphic DNA markers that represent its complex tetraploid genome have to be developed and used. In this study, 13 new expressed sequence tag-derived simple sequence repeat (EST-SSR) markers were developed based on publicly available finger millet ESTs. Using 10 polymorphic SSR markers (3 genomic and 7 novel EST-derived), the genetic diversity of 55 landrace accessions and 5 cultivars of finger millet representing its major growing areas in Ethiopia was assessed. In total, 26 alleles were detected across the 10 loci, and the average observed number of alleles per locus was 5.6. The polymorphic information content (PIC) of the loci ranged from 0.045 (Elco-48) to 0.71 (UGEP-66). The level of genetic diversity did not differ much between the accessions with the mean gene diversity estimates ranging only from 0.44 (accession 216054) to 0.68 (accession 237443). Similarly, a narrow range of variation was recorded at the level of regional states ranging from 0.54 (Oromia) to 0.59 (Amhara and Tigray). Interestingly, the average gene diversity of the landrace accessions (0.57) was similar to that of the cultivars (0.58). The analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) revealed significant genetic variation both within and among accessions. The variation among the accessions accounted for 18.8% of the total variation (FST = 0.19; P < 0.001). Similarly, significant genetic variation was obtained among the geographic regions, accounting for 6.9% of the total variation (P < 0.001). The results of the cluster, principal coordinate, and population structure analyses suggest a poor correlation between the genetic makeups of finger millet landrace populations and their geographic regions of origin, which in turn suggests strong gene flow between populations within and across geographic regions. This study contributed novel EST-SSR markers for their various applications, and those that were monomorphic should be tested in more diverse finger millet genetic resources

Extent and pattern of genetic diversity in Ethiopian white lupin landraces for agronomical and phenological traits

White lupin (Lupinus albus) is one of four economically important species of the Lupinus genus, and has been traditionally cultivated for thousands of years along the Nile valley, including in Ethiopia. An experiment comprising of 143 Ethiopian White lupin landraces and one genotype from Germany, was undertaken at Merawi in Ethiopia. The objective of the study was to cluster the Ethiopian white lupin accessions into similarity groups and assess the extent and pattern of diversity of the accessions. Data on 10 quantitative agronomic traits were recorded. Landraces significantly differed in most of the traits studied, and a significant number of local accessions performed as high as 5 metric tonnes per hectare of grain yield. Cluster analysis showed that landraces were grouped into seventeen clusters of different sizes, of which five were singletons. Some landraces were grouped together regardless of their geographic origin. On the other hand, landraces from Awi, South Gondar and West Gojam in Ethiopia were distributed over many clusters. Hence, the result did not support a definite relationship between geographic diversity and genetic diversity. Genetic distances between many pairs of clusters were significant, justifying crosses between parents from them to be desirable genetic recombinations and, hence, transgressive segregants.Keywords: Ethiopia, landrace populations, Lupinus albu

Effect of Nutritional Status and Associated Factors on Pneumonia Treatment Outcome among Under-Five Children at St. Paul’s Hospital Millennium Medical College, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia

Acute respiratory infection is still a major health problem among under-five children specifically in Ethiopia, where 38% of them are reported as living in the status of under-nutrition. However, there are studies limitation regarding the relationship of nutritional status of under-five children and outcome of pneumonia treatment. Institutional based cross-sectional study design had been employed to see the Effect of nutritional status and associated factors on pneumonia treatment outcome among under-five children in 2015. Data was collected using interview administered structured questionnaires and anthropometric measurement.The study revealed that high probability of poor pneumonia treatment outcome 26(40%) among exposed groups. Those children to house wife mothers 11(16.92%), smoker family member 6(9.23%), non-fully immunized 9(13.85%), less than 500birr spent for a child 26(40%) are observed to be with poor pneumonia treatment outcome. The risk of poor pneumonia treatment outcome was 4 times and 5 times more like among children who lives with smoker family member and exposed groups respectively. But it was 0.075 and 0.05 times less like among Children from urban and whom their monthly budget is 1000 birr or more respectively.Child nutritional status has significant effect on pneumonia treatment outcome among under-five children. Undernourishment, smoker family member, rural residency, monthly budget are among factors impact pneumonia treatment outcome. Nutritional education, Mother education, Employing mothers, Budgeting more than 500 birr per child per month, alleviate smoking among the family member, Limiting family members number per house hold, All children should feed colostrums and Full immunization should be done

Genetic Variation, Genotype by Environment Interactions and Grain Yield Stability Analysis in Finger Millet Accessions Resulted in the Release of an Improved Variety

The use of multiple data sets, such as morphological, biochemical and molecular in combination with appropriate statistical analysis tools are essential in&nbsp; identifying inter and intra-species variation to develop improved cultivars. To this end, a total of 150 finger millet accessions, of which 105 were collected&nbsp; from Ethiopia, 39 introduced from eastern and south eastern Africa and six commercially released Ethiopian varieties were evaluated at Arsi Negele and&nbsp; Gute research sites in 2011. Among those, 138 accessions were genotyped using 20 Simple Sequence Repeat (SSR) markers at International Crop&nbsp; Research Institute for Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), Nairobi, in 2012. Highly significant (P ≤ 0.01) variations were observed among the 150 accessions for&nbsp; grain yield and other agronomic traits. A total of 199 alleles were recorded with an average of 9.95 alleles per microsatellite locus and polymorphism&nbsp; information content (PIC) of 0.57 was observed. Hierarchical clustering based on major phenotypic traits revealed that the majority of accessions from&nbsp; the same region and adjoining geographical region shared strong phenotypic similarity and thus grouped together. Weighted Neighbor Joining based on&nbsp; SSR data grouped the test accessions into three major clusters that were not entirely based on geographical origin. Based on the magnitude of&nbsp; phenotypic and genotypic diversity and blast disease tolerance, 30 finger millet genotypes were selected for further evaluation at multi-location (Arsi&nbsp; Negele, Assosa, Bako and Gute) in the 2012 and 2013. Additive Main effect and Multiplicative Interaction (AMMI), and Genotype and Genotype by&nbsp; Environment Interaction (GGI) biplot analysis revealed that Acc. 203544 was found to be the most stable and highest yielding (3.16 ton ha-1), with yield&nbsp; advantage of 13.7% over the best standard check, Gute (2.78 ton ha-1). Thus, this accession was officially released with the name “Addis-01” and&nbsp; recommended for production in the test environments and similar agro-ecologies in the country

Institutional delivery knowledge, attitude, and practice among mothers of childbearing age with one or more children, Ethiopia

Background: Institutional delivery is Giving birth in medical institution under the care and Supervision of trained health care providers which promotes newborn survival and reduces maternal mortality. The objective of the study was to assess Knowledge, Attitude and Practice towards institutional delivery among mothers of child bearing age who have one or more child and visit MCH clinic Adaba health center, West Arsi zone, South East Ethiopia. Methods: Institutional based cross sectional study design was conducted. The study was conducted starting from May 1-30, 2021 at Adaba health center, West Arsi zone, South East Ethiopia. Our study sample size is 250 mothers who have at least one birth and visiting MCH at Adaba health center. Systematic random sampling was used to select mothers, Data was collected by using structured questionnaire. Finally data was analyzed by SPSS version 21 &nbsp; Results out of 250 women during our data collection time 246(98.4%) were our respondents and 4(1.6%) were non respondents. Among 246 women 213 (86.6%) had good knowledge and 33(13.4%) had poor knowledge. While 212(86.2%) had good attitude and 34(13.8%) had poor attitude and 179(72.8%) had good practice but 67(27.2%) had poor practice. Conclusion Increasing knowledge, attitude and practice of mothers towards institutional delivery plays a key role in reducing maternal mortality and morbidity. However, the prevailing level of KAP towards institutional delivery is not satisfactory. Increasing utilization of institutional delivery by increasing awareness of each community through health information dissemination on importance of institutional delivery is needed

Agro-Morphological Traits Diversity in Tef [Eragrostis Tef (Zucc.) Trotter] Genotypes from Various Sources

አህፅሮትጤፍ መገኛው በኢትዮጵያ የሆነ ፈርጀ-ብዙ የአመራረት፣ የአመጋገብና የጤና ጠቀሜታ ያለው ሰብል ቢሆንም ምርታማነቱ በተለያዩ ማነቆዎች የተነሳ በሰፊው ከሚመረቱት የብርዕና አገዳ ሰብሎች አንፃር እጅግ ዝቅ ያለ ነው፡፡ ያለንን የጤፍ ዝርያ ብዝሃነት ማጥናት ግን እነኚህን የምርት ማነቆዎች ተቋቁመው የተሻለ ምርት ሊሰጡ የሚችሉ ዝርያዎችን ለመለየት ዕድል ይፈጠራል፡፡ የዚህ ጥናት ዓላማ ከተለያዩ ምንጮች የተገኙ 188 የጤፍ ብዝሃ-ዘሮችን በሆለታና በደብረ ዘይት ምርምር ማዕከል ውስጥ በኮምፕሊቲሊ ረንዶማይዝድ ብሎክ ዲዛይን ዘርቶ በመገምገም ያላቸውን የዝርያ ተለያይነት፣ ብዝሃነትና ስብጥር ምን እንደሚመስል ለማወቅ ነበር፡፡ በዚህ ጥናት መረጃዎችን ለመተንተን የቫሪያንስ፣ የክላስተር እና የፕሪንሲፓል ኮምፖንነት ትንተና ዘዴዎች ሥራ ላይ ውለዋል፡፡ የዚህ ትንተና ውጤት በስብስቦቹ መካከል ከፍተኛ የሆነ የመድረሻ ጊዜ (ፌኖሎጂ)፣ የምርታማነትና የምርት ኮምፖነንት፣ የግሽበት እና የሞርፎሎጂ ባህሪያት ተለያይነት እንዳለ ይጠቁማሉ፡፡ በተጨማሪ የክላስተር ትንተና በጥናቱ ውስጥ የተካተቱ 188 ብዝሃ-ዘሮችን ወደ ስድስት ቦታ ሲመድባቸው፤ 14 ፖፑለሽኖች ደግሞ ወደ አራት ምድብ ከፍሏቿዋል፡፡ እነዚህ ቡድኖች ግን በማህበረሰብ ከቦታ ቦታ ዝውውር የተነሳ የግድ የዘረ-መል ዝምድናንና የአካባቢ ቅርበትን መሰረት ያደረጉ ብቻ ሆነው አልተገኙም፡፡ የዚህ ጥናት ውጤት በአጠቃላይ ወደፊት በጤፍ ምርምር ማሻሻያ ውስጥ ልንጠቀምባቸው የምንችላቸው የብዝሃ-ዘር ተለያይነት እንዳለ ይጠቁማል፡፡ AbstractA total of 188 tef genotypes including 144 pure lines selected from germplasm collection, 35 released varieties, eight breeding lines and their parents were evaluated in three replications at two locations in Ethiopia. The objectives were to assess the magnitude and pattern of phenotypic diversity in tef genotypes obtained from various sources in Ethiopia. Combined analysis of variance revealed highly significant (P &lt; 0.01) differences among genotypes, locations and genotype by environment interaction for all studied traits. Thus, wide ranges of variations were observed for days to heading (40.3 to 60.8 days) and maturity (101 to 122.5 days), plant height (60.7 to 107.1 cm), panicle length (19.5 to 39.5 cm), number of fertile tillers per plant (2.1 to 5.5) and spikelet per panicle (156.7 to 441.7), 1000 kernel weights (20.7 to 33.0 mg), grain yield (3.7 to 7.3 t/ha) and lodging index (44.7 to 79.3%). Cluster analysis revealed six distinct clusters of 188 individual tef genotypes while the 14 populations were grouped into four distinct clusters. In general, existence of sufficient level of genetic variation was revealed for future use in tef improvement

Deriving Formulas for Three Integers Such That the Sum of Their Squares and the Sum of Products of Their Squares are Both Perfect Square Integers

In this research study we will derive formulas for three integers whose squares sum and the sum of their squares products are both perfect square integers. That is if and  are three integers, then   and  are both perfect square integers. Proofs are most often arrived at through deductive reasoning. A proof is an argument where a given statement is true. In this proof the so called direct proof had used

Enhancing Students’ Attitude towards Mathematics the Case of Three Mettu Secondary and Preparatory Schools in Illu Aba Bora Zone

Students’ success in mathematics depends upon their attitude towards mathematics. It also influences the participation rate and achievement of students. The objective of this research study was to enhance attitude of Mettu Secondary and Preparatory Schools students’ towards mathematics.  A closed ended, self-reported statements questionnaire with Likert type was used to collect data from the concerned stakeholders. Multiple regressions were used for data analysis