The Outer Tracker Detector of the HERA-B Experiment Part I: Detector

The HERA-B Outer Tracker is a large system of planar drift chambers with about 113000 read-out channels. Its inner part has been designed to be exposed to a particle flux of up to 2.10^5 cm^-2 s^-1, thus coping with conditions similar to those expected for future hadron collider experiments. 13 superlayers, each consisting of two individual chambers, have been assembled and installed in the experiment. The stereo layers inside each chamber are composed of honeycomb drift tube modules with 5 and 10 mm diameter cells. Chamber aging is prevented by coating the cathode foils with thin layers of copper and gold, together with a proper drift gas choice. Longitudinal wire segmentation is used to limit the occupancy in the most irradiated detector regions to about 20 %. The production of 978 modules was distributed among six different laboratories and took 15 months. For all materials in the fiducial region of the detector good compromises of stability versus thickness were found. A closed-loop gas system supplies the Ar/CF4/CO2 gas mixture to all chambers. The successful operation of the HERA-B Outer Tracker shows that a large tracker can be efficiently built and safely operated under huge radiation load at a hadron collider.Comment: 28 pages, 14 figure

The Outer Tracker Detector of the HERA-B Experiment. Part II: Front-End Electronics

The HERA-B Outer Tracker is a large detector with 112674 drift chamber channels. It is exposed to a particle flux of up to 2x10^5/cm^2/s thus coping with conditions similar to those expected for the LHC experiments. The front-end readout system, based on the ASD-8 chip and a customized TDC chip, is designed to fulfil the requirements on low noise, high sensitivity, rate tolerance, and high integration density. The TDC system is based on an ASIC which digitizes the time in bins of about 0.5 ns within a total of 256 bins. The chip also comprises a pipeline to store data from 128 events which is required for a deadtime-free trigger and data acquisition system. We report on the development, installation, and commissioning of the front-end electronics, including the grounding and noise suppression schemes, and discuss its performance in the HERA-B experiment

Vertical distribution of euthecosomatous pteropods in the upper 100m of the Hilutangan Channel, Cebu, The Philippines

The vertical distribution of euthecosomatous pteropods in the upper 100 m of the Hilutangan Channel, Cebu, The Philippines was studied, based on 126 samples, comprising 47, 282 individuals. Thirty-min horizontal plankton tows were performed at depths of 1, 20, 50, 70 and 100 m in January and February 1972. Thirteen species -including 3 subspecies - of juvenile and adult euthecosomes were identified. In decreasing order of abundance the species are: Creseis acicula (20.4%), Limacina trochiformis (19.9%), Creseis virgula constricta (14.6%), L. inflata (10.5%), Clio pyramidata (9.9%), Creseis virgula conica (8.9%), L. bulimoides (7.3%), Diacria quadridentata (5.3%), Cavolinia longirostris (1.9%), Creseis virgula virgula (1.0%), Hyalocylix striata (0.1%), Cuvierina columella (0.08%), Cavolinia uncinata (0.002%). In 3 species, a large percentage were juveniles; for 1 species, Clio pyramidata , only juveniles were caught. The Vertical species distribution was similar to the distribution of the respective species in Caribbean and Bermuda waters. Temperature, salinity and dissolved oxygen influence vertical distribution little, if at all

Risk Dynamics throughout the system development Life Cycle

[[abstract]]Risks must be controlled during the development of a new system in order to best promote success. However, resources that can be dedicated to controlling risks are often limited. To best design an effective and efficient portfolio of controls, it is important to understand if and how risks change during the course of a system development. Using a framework developed from socio-technical theories, we conduct a multiple case study to determine the pattern of risk dynamics through the stages of the development life cycle. Risks associated with structural concerns dominate and increase as the life cycle progress, while technology risks are not very common early, but become so later. Risks associated with tasks and actor are common and do not change much in incidence. The results indicate the value of the sociotechnical model in identifying risks and how control portfolios should change over the course of a system development.[[notice]]補正完畢[[booktype]]紙