Microscopic description of the pygmy and giant electric dipole resonances in stable Ca isotopes

The properties of the pygmy (PDR) and giant dipole resonance (GDR)in the stable $^{40}Ca$,$^{44}Ca$ and $^{48}Ca$ isotopes have been calculated within the \emph{Extended Theory of Finite Fermi Systems}(ETFFS). This approach is based on the random phase approximation (RPA) and includes the single particle continuum as well as the coupling to low-lying collectives states which are considered in a consistent microscopic way. For $^{44}Ca$ we also include pairing correlations. We obtain good agreement with the experimental data for the gross properties of both resonances. It is demonstrated that the recently measured A-dependence of the strength of the PDR below 10 MeV is well understood in our model:due to the phonon coupling some of the strength in $^{48}Ca$ is simply shifted beyond 10 MeV. The predicted fragmentation of the PDR can be investigated in $(e,e')$ and $(\gamma ,\gamma')$ experiments. Whereas the isovector dipole strength of the PDR is small in all Ca isotopes, we find in this region surprisingly strong isoscalar dipole states, in agreement with an $(\alpha,\alpha'\gamma)$ experiment. We conclude that for the detailed understanding of the structure of excited nuclei e.g. the PDR and GDR an approach like the present one is absolutely necessary.Comment: 6 figure

Підвищення чутливості та завадостійкості систем цифрового зв’язку

Enhancement of sensitivity and noise immunity of digital communication systems with achievement device are considered. Description, modeling and experiment results are reduced.Рассмотрены способ повышения чувствительности и помехоустойчивости систем цифровой связи, а также устройство для его реализации. Приведены описание, результаты моделирования и эксперимента.Розглянуто засіб підвищення чутливості і завадостійкості систем цифрового зв’язку та пристрій для його реалізації. Наведені результати моделювання та експерименту

Extended Theory of Finite Fermi Systems: Application to the collective and non-collective E1 strength in 208^{208}Pb

The Extended Theory of Finite Fermi Systems is based on the conventional Landau-Migdal theory and includes the coupling to the low-lying phonons in a consistent way. The phonons give rise to a fragmentation of the single-particle strength and to a compression of the single-particle spectrum. Both effects are crucial for a quantitative understanding of nuclear structure properties. We demonstrate the effects on the electric dipole states in $^{208}$Pb (which possesses 50% more neutrons then protons) where we calculated the low-lying non-collective spectrum as well as the high-lying collective resonances. Below 8 MeV, where one expects the so called isovector pygmy resonances, we also find a strong admixture of isoscalar strength that comes from the coupling to the high-lying isoscalar electric dipole resonance, which we obtain at about 22 MeV. The transition density of this resonance is very similar to the breathing mode, which we also calculated. We shall show that the extended theory is the correct approach for self-consistent calculations, where one starts with effective Lagrangians and effective Hamiltonians, respectively, if one wishes to describe simultaneously collective and non-collective properties of the nuclear spectrum. In all cases for which experimental data exist the agreement with the present theory results is good.Comment: 21 figures corrected typos in author fiel

M1 Resonances in Unstable Magic Nuclei

Within a microscopic approach which takes into account RPA configurations, the single-particle continuum and more complex $1p1h\otimes phonon$ configurations isoscalar and isovector M1 excitations for the unstable nuclei ${56,78}$Ni and ${100,132}$Sn are calculated. For comparison, the experimentally known M1 excitations in ${40}$Ca and $^{208}$Pb have also been calculated. In the latter nuclei good agreement in the centroid energy, the total transition strength and the resonance width is obtained. With the same parameters we predict the magnetic excitations for the unstable nuclei. The strength is sufficiently concentrated to be measurable in radioactive beam experiments. New features are found for the very neutron rich nucleus ${78}$Ni and the neutron deficient nucleus ${100}$Sn.Comment: 17 pages (LATEX), 12 figures (available from the authors), KFA-IKP(TH)-1993-0

Isoscalar dipole coherence at low energies and forbidden E1 strength

In 16O and 40Ca an isoscalar, low-energy dipole transition (IS-LED) exhausting approximately 4% of the isoscalar dipole (ISD) energy-weighted sum rule is experimentally known, but conspicuously absent from recent theoretical investigations of ISD strength. The IS-LED mode coincides with the so-called isospin-forbidden E1 transition. We report that for N=Z nuclei up to 100Sn the fully self-consistent Random-Phase-Approximation with finite-range forces, phenomenological and realistic, yields a collective IS-LED mode, typically overestimating its excitation energy, but correctly describing its IS strength and electroexcitation form factor. The presence of E1 strength is solely due to the Coulomb interaction between the protons and the resulting isospin-symmetry breaking. The smallness of its value is related to the form of the transition density, due to translational invariance. The calculated values of E1 and ISD strength carried by the IS-LED depend on the effective interaction used. Attention is drawn to the possibility that in N-not-equal-Z nuclei this distinct mode of IS surface vibration can develop as such or mix strongly with skin modes and thus influence the pygmy dipole strength as well as the ISD strength function. In general, theoretical models currently in use may be unfit to predict its precise position and strength, if at all its existence.Comment: 9 pages, 6 figures, EPJA submitte

Extended theory of finite Fermi systems: collective vibrations in closed shell nuclei

We review an extension of Migdal's Theory of Finite Fermi Systems which has been developed and applied to collective vibrations in closed shell nuclei in the past ten years. This microscopic approach is based on a consistent use of the Green function method. Here one considers in a consistent way more complex 1p1h$\otimes$phonon configurations beyond the RPA correlations. Moreover, these configurations are not only included in the excited states but also explicitly in the ground states of nuclei. The method has been applied to the calculation of the strength distribution and transition densities of giant electric and magnetic resonances in stable and unstable magic nuclei. Using these microscopic transition densities, cross sections for inelastic electron and alpha scattering have been calculated and compared with the available experimental data. The method also allows one to extract in a consistent way the magnitude of the strength of the various multipoles in the energy regions in which several multipoles overlap. We compare the microscopic transition densities, the strength distributions and the various multipole strengths with their values extracted phenomenologically

Compensation of flicker noise in weak-signal amplifiers

The paper considers the block diagram of a weak-signal low-frequency amplifier, describes its principle of operation, and presents results of the theoretical and experimental investigation in compensation of flicker noise in the new device

Microscopic analysis of the breathing mode in 4 0Ca and 5 8Ni

Recent experimental studies of the giant electric resonance region in $^{58}$Ni and $^{40}$Ca with inelastically scattered $\alpha$-particles of energy E$_{\alpha}$ = 240 MeV are analyzed within a microscopic nuclear structure model. to 0pt The model includes the continuum RPA and more complex 1p1h$\otimes$phonon configurations. By superimposing the contributions of different multipoles up to L = 4 we obtain good agreement with the newest (reanalyzed) data for the isoscalar monopole strength and for the total ($\alpha,\alpha'$) cross section in $^{58}$Ni. Agreement with experiment for the isoscalar monopole resonance in $^{40}$Ca is obtained too. We emphasize the necessity of using microscopic transition densities and discuss consequences for the analyses of such experiments in light and medium mass nuclei. It is shown that the gross structure of the isoscalar monopole resonance in $^{40}$Ca is caused by the 1p1h$\otimes$phonon configurations