Forests, Trees, and Micronutrient-Rich Food Consumption in Indonesia

<div><p>Micronutrient deficiency remains a serious problem in Indonesia with approximately 100 million people, or 40% of the population, suffering from one or more micronutrient deficiencies. In rural areas with poor market access, forests and trees may provide an essential source of nutritious food. This is especially important to understand at a time when forests and other tree-based systems in Indonesia are being lost at unprecedented rates. We use food consumption data from the 2003 Indonesia Demographic Health Survey for children between the ages of one and five years and data on vegetation cover from the Indonesian Ministry of Forestry to examine whether there is a relationship between different tree-dominated land classes and consumption of micronutrient-rich foods across the archipelago. We run our models on the aggregate sample which includes over 3000 observations from 25 provinces across Indonesia as well as on sub-samples from different provinces chosen to represent the different land classes. The results show that different tree-dominated land classes were associated with the dietary quality of people living within them in the provinces where they were dominant. Areas of swidden/agroforestry, natural forest, timber and agricultural tree crop plantations were all associated with more frequent consumption of food groups rich in micronutrients in the areas where these were important land classes. The swidden/agroforestry land class was the landscape associated with more frequent consumption of the largest number of micronutrient rich food groups. Further research needs to be done to establish what the mechanisms are that underlie these associations. Swidden cultivation in is often viewed as a backward practice that is an impediment to food security in Indonesia and destructive of the environment. If further research corroborates that swidden farming actually results in better nutrition than the practices that replace it, Indonesian policy makers may need to reconsider their views on this land use.</p></div

All Indonesia (poisson and negative binomial regression results with standard errors clustered at DHS cluster level reported in parentheses).

<p>All Indonesia (poisson and negative binomial regression results with standard errors clustered at DHS cluster level reported in parentheses).</p

Summary statistics for variables used in regressions.

<p>Summary statistics for variables used in regressions.</p

Indonesia Map.

<p>The approximate location of the DHS communities used in the study as well as the different tree-dominated land classes used in the analysis from Indonesian Ministry of Forestry.</p

Data matrix used for the phylogenetic analysis.

This taxon/character matrix was built with Mesquite (3.04). It was used to perform a phylogenetic analysis aiming at resolving the position of the specimen MUN STRI 36643, an edentulous partial horizontal ramus of dentary coming from the Ware Formation (Cocinetas Basin, La Guajira peninsula, Colombia). The characters are from Gaudin [2004, Phylogenetic relationships among sloths (Mammalia, Xenarthra, Tardigrada): the craniodental evidence. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 140, 255–305]

MOESM4 of Does the gender composition of forest and fishery management groups affect resource governance and conservation outcomes? A systematic map

Additional file 4. Key findings from included studies

MOESM2 of Does the gender composition of forest and fishery management groups affect resource governance and conservation outcomes? A systematic map

Additional file 2. Full-text review results

MOESM7 of Are alternative livelihood projects effective at reducing local threats to specified elements of biodiversity and/or improving or maintaining the conservation status of those elements?

Additional file 7. List of 106 projects included within the systematic map

MOESM5 of Are alternative livelihood projects effective at reducing local threats to specified elements of biodiversity and/or improving or maintaining the conservation status of those elements?

Additional file 5. Unsourced studies and studies excluded at full text

MOESM3 of Are alternative livelihood projects effective at reducing local threats to specified elements of biodiversity and/or improving or maintaining the conservation status of those elements?

Additional file 3. List of journals covered by the PCLG digest