Die Deutschen Von Marysville: The Germans of Marysville, 1850-11860.

Histories of California addressing the years after the discovery of gold neglect the impact of European-born ethnic minorities on their new residences, particularly those living in the smaller cities that grew to meet the demands of the gold miners. The white newcomers to California during the gold rush years were not a homogeneous collection of Anglo-Saxon protestants. German immigrants, despite their small numbers, were a significant presence in the growing permanent cities of California such as Marysville. In that City, the third largest in California during the 1850s, the number of Germans who came and permanently stayed grew over the decade. Pushed by conditions in their homeland and pulled by the lure of economic prosperity, they formed themselves into an ethnically and culturally bound community in the midst of downtown Marysville. Through activities of their Turnverein and Liederkranz, they reinforced their identity as Germans by maintaining the economic and cultural customs they had learned in their homeland. At the same time, they interacted with their Anglo-American neighbors, ultimately influencing them to add German traditions to the culture of the City. Marysville and the German immigrants who resided there, however, have received little attention from contemporary historians. Die Deutschen von Marysville seeks to correct that omission and attempts to be a model for other, future re-examinations of California’s Gold Rush histories to determine the impact of Germans on other California communities besides Marysville and the influence of other European-based ethnic immigrants on the development of California during this time

Germans in Sacramento, 1850-1859

During the 1850s in Sacramento, German-born immigrants banded together in an ethnically based neighborhood where they created a sub-culture of German-ness, practicing their own particular rituals and customs. At the same time, these foreign-born joined the Anglo-American majority to addresses the chaos and disorder brought on by the dramatic increase in Sacramento\u27s population due to the discovery of gold in 1849. Contemporary accounts such as newspapers, directories, histories and unpublished manuscripts confirm the existence of this strong community and its attempts to duplicate institutions they remembered in Germany and ethnic settlements in America. Despite their small numbers, they influenced the dominant Anglo culture to adopt some its German traditions of joyful celebration. Consequently, the presence and impact of this German sub-culture demands that historians rethink the ethnic relationships and interactions in smaller California cities in the 1850s. Histories of California\u27s gold rush era often focus on Hispanic-, Indian- and Chinese-Anglo relationships throughout the state, addressing ethnic minorities of foreign-born in only communities such as San Francisco where they were proportionally large, neglecting inter-relationships in the smaller towns and cities. The Germans\u27 experience in Sacramento demonstrates that the white populations of the post-gold rush California towns were not necessarily homogenous—the presence of ethnic minorities helped create practices and rituals particular to each California community

Die deutschen Enwanderer in Sacramento: German immigrants in Sacramento, 1850--1859

The economic and political conditions in Europe pushed German immigrants from their homelands, while the gold rush in California pulled them with dreams of riches. Some came directly from Germany, some made an intermediate stop in the United States, but, after arriving in California, many went to Sacramento. A small nucleus of permanent residents created an ethnic community where they practiced the German tradition of Vereinswesen, supported each other economically through loans and ready employment and, led by their Turnverein, continued practicing their customs and rituals emphasizing frivolity and celebration as they had in the fatherland. Rather than assimilate, they created a dual identity of German-Sacramentan to adapt to their new home, remaining faithful to their German roots while interacting with the mainstream Anglo-Americans, influencing the native-born to adopt some of the German traditions of celebration. This study rediscovers the active German community and its impact on Sacramento neglected in earlier histories of the city

Transnational Legal Practice

This 2015 Year-in-Review article continues the tradition of collecting and publicizing the developments that occurred during the year related to transnational legal practice (TLP). This year’s article builds on the work set forth in the 2014 Year-in-Review. The 2014 TLP Year-in-Review provided a departure from the Year-in-Review’s typical method of presentation by identifying two categories of what that article called “TLP-Nets.” One group of TLP-Nets is nationally based and the other is inherently transnational. The 2014 article identified examples of TLP-Nets and highlighted the meeting points and relationships that facilitate border-crossing for the variety of actors involved in TLP policy-making and practice. This article uses the TLP-Nets structure set forth in the 2014 TLP Year-in-Review in order to describe 2015 TLP activities. Some, but not all, of the developments cited in this article had previously been publicized. But even when the events have been publicized, this article provides an opportunity to describe in one place the activities of those who are part of the TLP-Nets. The 2015 TLP developments documented in this article included activities related to international trade negotiations, including interactions among the Conference of Chief Justices, the ABA, and the CCBE concerning the TTIP negotiations and developments regarding implementation of the U.S.-Korea KORUS trade agreement. This article documents additional ABA involvement in TLP-related matters, including the activities of the ABA Transnational Legal Practice Committee and the ABA Task Force on International Trade in Legal Services (ITILS), the ABA’s adoption of a revised policy about inbound foreign in-house counsel, and the work of the ABA Commission on the Future of Legal Services, which in 2015 circulated a proposal that the ABA adopt model regulatory objectives. In addition to describing ABA activities, this article describes the 2015 TLP-related activities of the Conference of Chief Justices. These activities included the regular conference calls of the CCJ’s Task Force on Foreign Lawyers (which now includes individuals involved in other TLP-Nets) and the CCJ’s adoption of Resolution 2, which urges states to adopt explicit policies that would permit qualified activities by foreign lawyers as a means to increase available legal services, and to facilitate the movement of goods and services between the United States and foreign nations. This article also describes the TLP-related activities of the National Organization of Bar Counsel and the National Conference of Bar Examiners and examines some of the 2015 connections between these organizations and international organizations that include the International Conference of Legal Regulators and the International Bar Association. This article concludes with a section that highlights TLP developments in selected parts of the world including Canada, where there were a number of 2015 developments, and in the UK, the EU, Korea, and Singapore. This section also discusses very briefly some significant developments in the legal services market

Transnational Legal Practice

This 2015 Year-in-Review article continues the tradition of collecting and publicizing the developments that occurred during the year related to transnational legal practice (TLP). This year’s article builds on the work set forth in the 2014 Year-in-Review. The 2014 TLP Year-in-Review provided a departure from the Year-in-Review’s typical method of presentation by identifying two categories of what that article called “TLP-Nets.” One group of TLP-Nets is nationally based and the other is inherently transnational. The 2014 article identified examples of TLP-Nets and highlighted the meeting points and relationships that facilitate border-crossing for the variety of actors involved in TLP policy-making and practice. This article uses the TLP-Nets structure set forth in the 2014 TLP Year-in-Review in order to describe 2015 TLP activities. Some, but not all, of the developments cited in this article had previously been publicized. But even when the events have been publicized, this article provides an opportunity to describe in one place the activities of those who are part of the TLP-Nets. The 2015 TLP developments documented in this article included activities related to international trade negotiations, including interactions among the Conference of Chief Justices, the ABA, and the CCBE concerning the TTIP negotiations and developments regarding implementation of the U.S.-Korea KORUS trade agreement. This article documents additional ABA involvement in TLP-related matters, including the activities of the ABA Transnational Legal Practice Committee and the ABA Task Force on International Trade in Legal Services (ITILS), the ABA’s adoption of a revised policy about inbound foreign in-house counsel, and the work of the ABA Commission on the Future of Legal Services, which in 2015 circulated a proposal that the ABA adopt model regulatory objectives. In addition to describing ABA activities, this article describes the 2015 TLP-related activities of the Conference of Chief Justices. These activities included the regular conference calls of the CCJ’s Task Force on Foreign Lawyers (which now includes individuals involved in other TLP-Nets) and the CCJ’s adoption of Resolution 2, which urges states to adopt explicit policies that would permit qualified activities by foreign lawyers as a means to increase available legal services, and to facilitate the movement of goods and services between the United States and foreign nations. This article also describes the TLP-related activities of the National Organization of Bar Counsel and the National Conference of Bar Examiners and examines some of the 2015 connections between these organizations and international organizations that include the International Conference of Legal Regulators and the International Bar Association. This article concludes with a section that highlights TLP developments in selected parts of the world including Canada, where there were a number of 2015 developments, and in the UK, the EU, Korea, and Singapore. This section also discusses very briefly some significant developments in the legal services market

Die Deutschen in Kalifornien: Germans in Urban California, 1850-1860

German immigrants came to San Francisco, Sacramento and Marysville, urban northern California, seeking a better life than they had in the Germanic states of central Europe. Some came directly from Germany but some made an intermediate stop during their journey in Europe or the United States. In all three cities, they created an ethnic community where they practiced the social, economic and cultural traditions from their homeland,including Vereinswesen (associational life) and Gemutlichkeit (celebration of the joy of life), led by their ethnically based association, the Turnverein. They interacted with the main steam Anglo-Americans through associations and celebratory events to create political stability and economic success, and they influenced the native-born to adopt some of the German traditions to create a Californian culture unique to the West. Rather than assimilate, they created a dual identity of German-Californian to adapt to their new home This study rediscovers the active German communities in the three urban Californian cities neglected in earlier histories of the gold rush

Examining stakeholder involvement in the context of top-down marine protected area governance: the case of the Sept-Îles National Nature Reserve (Brittany, France)

Marine protected areas (MPAs) are important yet complex conservation tools that can be difficult to govern and manage. In France, the State manages protected areas with national status, but consults communities and users when making decisions. How can the governance of an MPA be improved while respecting the framework imposed on it by State regulations? This study focuses on the Sept-Îles National Nature Reserve (Réserve naturelle nationale, or RNN), located in northern Brittany (France) and renowned for its natural heritage, particularly for its seabird conservation efforts. Its management methods are provided for by the French Environmental Code, and are structured around an Advisory Committee, a Scientific Council, and a designated manager. Any change in the functioning of this committee must comply with the provisions of French law. Following a decree to extend the perimeter of the RNN, there was the opportunity to reassess the functioning of the current governance structure the RNN Sept-Îles and to define its strengths and weaknesses so that these may be addressed as the RNN grows. Various stakeholders – for the most part members of the Advisory Committee – were engaged through semi-structured interviews, guided by the principles of good governance. This study found that the current structure of the Advisory Committee is not aligned with the French Environmental Code and proposes new working groups that could offer stakeholders more opportunities for participation. There were issues of representation, communication, and power struggles within the Advisory Committee and highlights a distinct lack of young people within the governance structure of the RNN, which poses questions about its future. This is one of the first studies in France to propose an alternative governance structure involving more RNN stakeholders that can fit into the current framework imposed by State regulations

Transnational Legal Practice 2006-07

This article reviews developments in transnational legal practice during 2006 and 2007, including international developments, U.S. developments and regional developments in Australia and Europe. The primary focus of the international developments section is the WTO\u27s General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS). This article discusses GATS Track 1 Activities related to legal services, including the Legal Services Collective Requests and issues related to GATS Track 2 and the potential development of GATS disciplines. This section also surveys GATS-related initiatives of the American Bar Association and the International Bar Association and U.S. implementation of foreign lawyer multi-jurisdictional practice rules. In other areas, the international developments section addresses the development of a code of conduct for defense counsel practicing before the International Criminal Court and developments in the Financial Action Task Force (FATF). With respect to U.S. transnational legal practice developments, the article reviews U.S. bilateral free trade initiatives, lawyer discipline cooperation initiatives and significant litigation. The regional developments section documents the emergence in Australia of the first publicly-traded law firm and Australia\u27s efforts to promote greater multijurisdictional practice for Australian lawyers in the U.S. This section also reviews various European developments, including European competition law initiatives, the Akzo Nobel case currently pending before the European Court of Justice, and developments related to the free movement of lawyers, codes of conduct, money laundering and lawyer education

Transnational Legal Practice 2006-07

This article reviews developments in transnational legal practice during 2006 and 2007, including international developments, U.S. developments and regional developments in Australia and Europe. The primary focus of the international developments section is the WTO\u27s General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS). This article discusses GATS Track 1 Activities related to legal services, including the Legal Services Collective Requests and issues related to GATS Track 2 and the potential development of GATS disciplines. This section also surveys GATS-related initiatives of the American Bar Association and the International Bar Association and U.S. implementation of foreign lawyer multi-jurisdictional practice rules. In other areas, the international developments section addresses the development of a code of conduct for defense counsel practicing before the International Criminal Court and developments in the Financial Action Task Force (FATF). With respect to U.S. transnational legal practice developments, the article reviews U.S. bilateral free trade initiatives, lawyer discipline cooperation initiatives and significant litigation. The regional developments section documents the emergence in Australia of the first publicly-traded law firm and Australia\u27s efforts to promote greater multijurisdictional practice for Australian lawyers in the U.S. This section also reviews various European developments, including European competition law initiatives, the Akzo Nobel case currently pending before the European Court of Justice, and developments related to the free movement of lawyers, codes of conduct, money laundering and lawyer education