Case Studies of Sharing Processes within Organisations

AbstractNowadays, organisations of various types lack the innovative potential and renewable resources as well. Sharing processes within organisations can provide and enhance these initiatives. Therefore, a research was conducted to reveal useful information and principles of processes within companies which operate in the area of information and communication technologies. The influence of various factors is examined and different perspectives of organisational stakeholders, managers and directors are considered. Especially the significant impact of information and communication technologies and other supportive tools are described in more details. Moreover, a proper information and communication technology infrastructure is one of the effective factors leading to an organisation's successful deployment of knowledge management strategy. The data gathering as well as interviews with managers of selected organisations were employed as research methods. All the mentioned issues are discussed in more details, confronted with theory and also analysed for further use. The mentioned implications can serve as a useful framework for organisations of various types

Chemická komunikace gamet

Oplození je proces, skládající se z mnoha kroků, vedoucích k fúzi samičích a samčích gamet a vzniku zygoty. Kromě přímé interakce gamet vazebnými receptory, které jsou lokalizované na povrchu spermie a vajíčka, oplození také zahrnuje komunikaci založenou na chemických molekulách spouštějících rozlišné signální dráhy. Tato práce je zaměřena na charakterizaci chemické komunikace gamet modelového organismu Mus musculus. Za tímto účelem byly použity moderní proteomické a vizualizační metody jako nano kapalinová chromatografie spojená s hmotnostní spektrometrií (nLC-MS/MS), cílený monitoring vybraných peptidů a imunofluorescenční mikroskopie. Pomocí těchto metod jsme identifikovali celou řadu lipokalinů včetně hlavních močových proteinů (MUP), LCN lipokalinů a mastné kyseliny vázajících proteinů (FABP). V této práci poprvé informujeme o jejich přítomnosti v akrozomu spermie. Na základě schopnosti lipokalinů vázat a přenášet jiné molekuly navrhujeme, že tyto proteiny mají pro gamety protektivní a/nebo signální funkci. Mimo jiné, chemická komunikace spermie a oocytu je založená na chemotaxi, která umožňuje jejich interakci před vlastním kontaktem a fúzí. V této práci jsme detekovali, že spermie vykazují chemotaktickou odpověď za přítomnosti L-glutamátu. Tato aminokyselina se přirozeně vyskytuje v samičím...Fertilization is a multiple step process leading to fusion of female and male gametes resulting in a formation of a zygote. Besides direct gamete interaction via binding receptors localized on both oocyte and sperm surface, fertilization also involves communication based on chemical molecules triggering various signalling pathways. This work is aimed to characterize chemical communication of gametes of a model organism Mus musculus. For this purpose, modern proteomic and visualisation methods like nano-liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (nLC-MS/MS), selected reaction monitoring (SRM) and immunofluorescent microscopy were used. Lipocalins were identified as candidate proteins involved in communication including those from major urinary proteins (MUPs), LCN lipocalins and fatty acid binding proteins (FABPs). For the first time, we report their presence in the sperm acrosome. Based on lipocalins capacity to bind and transport other molecules, we propose that these proteins have a protective and/or signalling role for gametes. Furthermore, chemical communication between sperm and oocyte is based on chemotaxis which enables their interaction before their fusion. In this work, we detected that spermatozoa show chemotactic responses in the presence of L-glutamate. This amino acid naturally...Katedra buněčné biologieDepartment of Cell BiologyPřírodovědecká fakultaFaculty of Scienc

Proteomická architektura interakcí gamet

Nedávné pokroky v proteomických metodách poskytují nové poznatky pro biologický výzkum a to včetně oblasti reprodukční biologie. Stanovení proteomického základu spermií je klíčové pro pochopení komplexního procesu interakcí gamet během oplození zahrnující akrozomální reakci. Napříč živočišnými taxony lze pozorovat značné rozdíly ve velikosti, tvaru a molekulárním složení spermií způsobené postkopulačním pohlavním výběrem a fylogenezí. První cílem této disertační práce je characterizovat proteinové složení akrozomu a zjistit tak jeho další funkční význam v interakci spermie a vajíčka. Dále se zaměřujeme na možné souvislosti mezi proteinovým složením spermií a morfologickou diverzifikací spermií, mírou výskytu kompetice spermií a fylogenetickou příbuzností zkoumaných druhů. Pro analýzy byli použiti samci odchycení v přírodě z přirozených populací druhů Mus musculus musculus, Apodemus flavicollis, Microtus arvalis (řád Hlodavci), Acrocephalus palustris, Chloris chloris, Phylloscopus collybita, Cinclus cinclus, Hirundo rustica a Taeniopygia guttata chovaní v zajetí (řád Pěvci). Jako hlavní metodologický přístup byla v celé práci použita nano kapalinová chromatografie spojená s tandemovou hmotnostní spektrometrií. Naše data ukazují, že biologické role akrozomu hlodavců nespočívají pouze v usnadňování...Recent advances in proteomic methods provide new insights for biological research including the field of reproductive biology. Determination of the proteomic basis of spermatozoa is pivotal for understanding the complex process of gamete interactions during fertilization such as acrosome reaction. Great differences imposed by postcopulatory sexual selection and phylogeny can be observed regarding the size, shape, and molecular composition of sperm across animal taxa. The first objective of this doctoral thesis is to characterize the protein contents of the acrosome to ascertain its further functional significance in sperm-egg interaction. Also, we aim to investigate the potential relationships between sperm protein composition and sperm morphology diversification, risk of sperm competition, and species phylogenetic background. Wild-caught males from natural populations of species of Mus musculus musculus, Apodemus flavicollis, Microtus arvalis (order Rodentia), Acrocephalus palustris, Chloris chloris, Phylloscopus collybita, Cinclus cinclus, Hirundo rustica, and Taeniopygia guttata from a captive population (order Passeriformes) were subject to the analyses. Nano-liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry was applied as the main methodological approach in this thesis. Our data implicate...Katedra zoologieDepartment of ZoologyPřírodovědecká fakultaFaculty of Scienc

Chemická komunikace gamet

Mnoho rozmanitých chemoatraktantů se podílí na směrování spermie k vajíčku, a to bez rozdílu, zda se jedná o živočichy s vnějším nebo vnitřním oplozením. Spermie jsou po uvolnění vystaveny různým faktorům, které jim poskytují nezbytné informace o jejich okolním prostředí. Tyto molekuly jsou strukturně velmi odlišné a prostřednictvím specifických receptorů, jenž jsou exprimovány na povrchu spermie, spouští rozdílné signalizační dráhy ovlivňující pohyblivost a regulující správnou funkci spermie. Celkové pochopení těchto mechanismů přináší zajímavé a často i překvapující úhly pohledu na evoluční vztahy mezi druhy bezobratlých a obratlovců. Některé principy, které byly považovány za přítomné výhradně u savců, jsou nyní odhalovány i u mořských bezobratlých a naopak. Stávající znalost interakcí mezi savčími gametami je hojně využívána obory medicíny spojenými s reprodukcí. Výzkumy zaměřené na toto téma tak pomáhají objasnit mnohé příčiny neplodnosti, stejně jako vyvíjet nové druhy antikoncepce či zvyšovat úspěšnost umělých oplodnění.Many diverse chemoattractants play a part in sperm guidance towards the oocyte without any difference whether organisms with external or internal fertilization. Upon release, spermatozoa are exposed to various cues providing essential information about their surrounding environment. These molecules are structurally very distinct and they induce via specific receptors, expressed over the sperm cell surface, different signalling pathways influencing the sperm motility and regulating the correct sperm function. The overall understanding of these mechanisms brings interesting and often unexpected points of view on evolutionary relationships between invertebrate and vertebrate species. Some principles believed to be shown exclusively only by mammals are nowadays revealed also by marine invertebrates and vice versa. The current knowledge of human gametes interactions is used in fields of medicine that are connected to the reproduction. Thus, with a help of current knowledge, researches aim to shed more light into causes of infertility, as well as to develop novel contraceptives or enhance the rate of successful in vitro fertilizations.Katedra zoologieDepartment of ZoologyPřírodovědecká fakultaFaculty of Scienc

Sharing of resources: Theoretical background and a case study

Abstract Sharing of resources is connected with several issues needed to be managed appropriately. Therefore, possibilities of sharing of information, knowledge, technologies and other items in various organisations and particularly in economic clusters are introduced. The advantages, disadvantages and the potential of sharing for the competitiveness and efficiency enhancement are discussed. Based on brainstorming, semi-structured interviews and statistical analysis, the case study compares the real processes within the particular cluster with theoretical assumptions. The results reveal that the potential of sharing is not effectively used. Moreover, these confirm the differences between participants considering the specific attributes. The findings in form of recommendations for improvements are provided

Chemical communication of gametes

Fertilization is a multiple step process leading to fusion of female and male gametes resulting in a formation of a zygote. Besides direct gamete interaction via binding receptors localized on both oocyte and sperm surface, fertilization also involves communication based on chemical molecules triggering various signalling pathways. This work is aimed to characterize chemical communication of gametes of a model organism Mus musculus. For this purpose, modern proteomic and visualisation methods like nano-liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (nLC-MS/MS), selected reaction monitoring (SRM) and immunofluorescent microscopy were used. Lipocalins were identified as candidate proteins involved in communication including those from major urinary proteins (MUPs), LCN lipocalins and fatty acid binding proteins (FABPs). For the first time, we report their presence in the sperm acrosome. Based on lipocalins capacity to bind and transport other molecules, we propose that these proteins have a protective and/or signalling role for gametes. Furthermore, chemical communication between sperm and oocyte is based on chemotaxis which enables their interaction before their fusion. In this work, we detected that spermatozoa show chemotactic responses in the presence of L-glutamate. This amino acid naturally..

Chemical communication of gametes

Fertilization is a multiple step process leading to fusion of female and male gametes resulting in a formation of a zygote. Besides direct gamete interaction via binding receptors localized on both oocyte and sperm surface, fertilization also involves communication based on chemical molecules triggering various signalling pathways. This work is aimed to characterize chemical communication of gametes of a model organism Mus musculus. For this purpose, modern proteomic and visualisation methods like nano-liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (nLC-MS/MS), selected reaction monitoring (SRM) and immunofluorescent microscopy were used. Lipocalins were identified as candidate proteins involved in communication including those from major urinary proteins (MUPs), LCN lipocalins and fatty acid binding proteins (FABPs). For the first time, we report their presence in the sperm acrosome. Based on lipocalins capacity to bind and transport other molecules, we propose that these proteins have a protective and/or signalling role for gametes. Furthermore, chemical communication between sperm and oocyte is based on chemotaxis which enables their interaction before their fusion. In this work, we detected that spermatozoa show chemotactic responses in the presence of L-glutamate. This amino acid naturally..

Proteomic architecture of sperm-egg interactions

Recent advances in proteomic methods provide new insights for biological research including the field of reproductive biology. Determination of the proteomic basis of spermatozoa is pivotal for understanding the complex process of gamete interactions during fertilization such as acrosome reaction. Great differences imposed by postcopulatory sexual selection and phylogeny can be observed regarding the size, shape, and molecular composition of sperm across animal taxa. The first objective of this doctoral thesis is to characterize the protein contents of the acrosome to ascertain its further functional significance in sperm-egg interaction. Also, we aim to investigate the potential relationships between sperm protein composition and sperm morphology diversification, risk of sperm competition, and species phylogenetic background. Wild-caught males from natural populations of species of Mus musculus musculus, Apodemus flavicollis, Microtus arvalis (order Rodentia), Acrocephalus palustris, Chloris chloris, Phylloscopus collybita, Cinclus cinclus, Hirundo rustica, and Taeniopygia guttata from a captive population (order Passeriformes) were subject to the analyses. Nano-liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry was applied as the main methodological approach in this thesis. Our data implicate..

Chemical communication of gametes

Many diverse chemoattractants play a part in sperm guidance towards the oocyte without any difference whether organisms with external or internal fertilization. Upon release, spermatozoa are exposed to various cues providing essential information about their surrounding environment. These molecules are structurally very distinct and they induce via specific receptors, expressed over the sperm cell surface, different signalling pathways influencing the sperm motility and regulating the correct sperm function. The overall understanding of these mechanisms brings interesting and often unexpected points of view on evolutionary relationships between invertebrate and vertebrate species. Some principles believed to be shown exclusively only by mammals are nowadays revealed also by marine invertebrates and vice versa. The current knowledge of human gametes interactions is used in fields of medicine that are connected to the reproduction. Thus, with a help of current knowledge, researches aim to shed more light into causes of infertility, as well as to develop novel contraceptives or enhance the rate of successful in vitro fertilizations