INFLUÊNCIA DA TEMPERATURA NA REOLOGIA DE FLUIDOS DE PERFURAÇÃO PREPARADOS COM CARBOXIMETILCELULOSE, GOMA XANTANA E BENTONITA

O comportamento reológico dos fluidos de perfuração pode sofrer alterações ao longo da perfuração em função do gradiente de temperatura do poço. A degradação térmica sofrida por alguns aditivos utilizados como viscosificantes restringe a utilização da classe dependendo da temperatura a qual será exposto. Este trabalho apresenta um estudo sobre o comportamento reológico da Goma Xantana (GX), da Carboximetilcelulose (CMC) e da Bentonita (BNT) em função da temperatura. Os Modelos matemáticos de Ostwald de Waale e o de Herschel-Bulkley foram aplicados para determinar os parâmetros reológicos. O efeito da hidratação dos polímeros e da argila na reologia de soluções aquosas foram previamente estudados. A caracterização reológica foi realizada através de ensaios de reologia, utilizando sistema de cilindros coaxiais, para obtenção das curvas de fluxo. A reologia foi avaliada em função da temperatura para cada um dos aditivos utilizados. Os resultados mostraram que a CMC se solubiliza rapidamente em água, porém apresenta maior degradação quando exposta a temperatura mais elevada. A GX se mostrou apta para ser utilizada em formulações de fluidos que serão usados em poços com gradiente de temperatura mais elevados. A bentonita não apresentou alterações no comportamento reológico em função do gradiente de temperatura estudado

Assessment of schistosomiasis, through school surveys, in the Forest Zone of Pernambuco, Brazil

This work had the objective of assessing the present epidemiological situation regarding schistosomiasis through performing Kato-Katz coproscopic tests on representative samples of schoolchildren from each of the 43 municipality of endemic area of the state of Pernambuco, Brazil. The methodology is recommended by the World Health Organization to conduct sampled surveys among children at elementary school levels, ideal target group for baseline surveys: (i) schools are accessible; (ii) the greatest prevalence of schistosomiasis is found within this group; (iii) the data gathered from this age group can be used for intervention within the community as a whole. The following infection indicators were utilized: positivity (percentage of individuals examined with eggs of Schistosoma mansoni in the feces) and severity (geometric mean number of eggs per gram of feces, epg). These indicators allowed the area in general and the municipalities in particular to be categorized into prevalence and severity classes for S. mansoni. The prevalence classes were: low (<10%), medium (> 10 and < 50%), and high (> 50%); the severity classes were: low (1-99 epg), moderate (100-399 epg), and severe (> 400 epg). For the geohelminthic diseases, the following indicators were used: positivity for each geohelminth (percentage of individuals examined with eggs of geohelminths), and cumulative positivity (percentage of individuals examined with eggs of at least one geohelminth). The municipalities were categorized by means of their cumulative positivity into the following geohelminth prevalence classes (WHO 2002): low (< 50%), medium (> 50 and < 70%), and high (> 70%). The study covered 271 schools in 179 different localities, thus giving a total of 11,234 examinations performed. The overall positivity for S. mansoni was 14.4% and the egg count for this parasite in the feces gave a geometric mean of 67.9 epg which suggests a low general state of infection. These results allow this mesoregion to be categorized as presenting medium prevalence and low severity of schistosomiasis. The overall positivity rates for the geohelminths, Ascaris lumbricoides, Ancylostomidae, and Trichuris trichiura were, respectively, 30.4, 10.1, and 27.8%; the cumulative positivity was 45.4%. These results allow this mesoregion to be categorized as presenting low prevalence of geohelminthic diseases. The data show some municipalities in Pernambuco with prevalence greater than 20%, while others presented parasite loads greater than 100 epg. These indicators attest to the significant morbidity due to schistosomiasis regarding to the severity of infections established in young populations

Criadouros de Biomphalaria, temporários e permanentes, em Jaboatão dos Guararapes, PE

Realizou-se um inquérito malacológico em criadouros, permanentes e temporários, no bairro de Piedade, Jaboatão dos Guararapes, Pernambuco, entre novembro de 2006 e novembro de 2007 com o objetivo de conhecer a fauna malacológica dessa localidade, bem como o potencial de transmissão da esquistossomose mansoni. Além de Biomphalaria glabrata (Say, 1818), foram coletados moluscos Drepanotrema cimex (Moricand, 1837), Pomacea sp e Melanoides tuberculatus (Muller, 1774). Do total de Biomphalaria glabrata coletado, 1.490 exemplares encontraram-se vivos, sendo que 74 (5%) estavam positivos para Schistosoma mansoni. O maior número de moluscos capturados e todos aqueles positivos para Schistosoma mansoni foram coletados na estação anual das chuvas. Foi observada também a presença de outras larvas de trematódeos infectando os moluscos Biomphalaria glabrata. Pertencentes às famílias Strigeidae e Diplostomatidae, apresentam, a primeira vista, morfologia que pode levar a confusão com as cercárias do Schistosoma mansoni, tornando-se indispensável seu conhecimento para o diagnóstico diferencial do agente causador da esquistossomose

Applications of micelle and microemulsion systems containing aminated surfactants synthesized from ricinoleic acid as carbon-steel corrosion inhibitors

The high affinity of surfactant molecules to adsorb onto interfaces is responsible for their applications in several interfacial systems. For this reason, surfactants can be used as good corrosion inhibitors in metallic surfaces. The main objective of this work was to examine the anticorrosion ability of three novel surfactant molecules synthesized from ricinoleic acid, a castor oil derivative. The surfactants are: sodium 12-N,N-diethylamino-9-octadecenoate (AR1S), sodium 12-N,N-diethylamino-9,10-dihydroxy-octadecanoate (AE2S) and sodium 12-N,N-diethylamino-9-octadecanoate (AE1S). Their ability to inhibit corrosion in AISI 1010 carbon-steel has been investigated by preparing specific micellar solutions and microemulsion systems. Adsorption phenomena have been electrochemically studied with the Frumkin model, indicating that the surfactant solutions tested can inhibit corrosion with levels as high as 95%. On the other hand, the microemulsion systems, although featuring relatively lower performance, are advantageous in that they are able to dissolve more active matter. These results are useful as a basis to propose and study particular applications such as the transport of oil in petrochemical industries