Slipping Anchor?: Testing the Vignettes Approach to Identification and Correction of Reporting Heterogeneity

We propose tests of the two assumptions under which anchoring vignettes identify heterogeneity in reporting of categorical evaluations. Systematic variation in the perceived difference between any two vignette states is sufficient to reject vignette equivalence. Response consistency—the respondent uses the same response scale to evaluate the vignette and herself—is testable given sufficiently comprehensive objective indicators that independently identify response scales. Both assumptions are rejected for reporting of cognitive and physical functioning in a sample of older English individuals, although a weaker test resting on less stringent assumptions does not reject response consistency for cognition

Poor Health Reporting? Using Vignettes to Recover the Health Gradient by Wealth

In spite of the well-known wide disparities in wealth and in objective measures of health like mortality in countries like South Africa, health inequality by wealth in self-reported health measures appears to be nearly non-existent. We test and correct for reporting heterogeneity in sixteen domains of self-assessed health by wealth and race among elderly South Africans using anchoring vignettes. We find that significant reporting differences between high and low wealth groups lead to severe underestimation of the health-wealth gap: poorer individuals rate the same health relatively higher than richer. Using hierarchical ordered probit (HOPIT) modeling, we show that a significant and substantial health disadvantage of the poor emerges after correction. We also address the question whether and how health inequality and reporting heterogeneity are confounded by race. We find that within race groups - especially among Blacks but also among Whites - reporting heterogeneity leads to the underestimation of the health inequalities between richest and poorest. Finally, we show that the apparent Black (vs White) health disadvantage within the top wealth quintile disappears once we correct for reporting tendencies. All in all, our findings suggest that reporting tendencies are an important source of bias in the measurement of health disparities and that anchoring vignettes and HOPIT models can play a role in correcting for these biases

Estudio bibliométrico sobre juego en bibliotecas públicas y universitarias en Pereira y su uso en la pedagogía infantil

El estudio del estado del arte sobre la bibliografía del juego en las universidades públicas y privadas de la ciudad de Pereira y en las bibliotecas públicas de dicha ciudad, es un ejercicio que proporciona la información actual y oportuna de este campo en la ciudad de Pereira. El estudio se enmarca dentro de las actividades académicas del grupo de investigación en juego y desarrollo humano de la facultad de educación de la Universidad Tecnológica de Pereira. En este estudio se propone consultar la bibliografía existente sobre juego y que está a disposición del contexto educativo, ya que las bibliotecas ofrecen el préstamo de libros para los docentes, sin embargo muchas veces por desconocimiento no se les da el uso adecuado. El tema del juego se ha constituido en algunos contextos de la educación como una estrategia en algunos casos y en un aliciente en otros para la práctica educativa, sin embargo aun en la educación se sigue viendo como un aspecto de poco valor para la aproximación de las áreas de intervención que se ofrecen en el campo escolar. En este estudio se propone no solo el conocer cuales obras están a disposición en las bibliotecas, sino que también se propone divulgar esa existencia bibliográfica y su posible uso en los contextos educativos. El estudio es de tipo descriptivo, teniendo en cuenta algunas variables que implican la localización de los textos sobre el juego, el autor, el año de su publicación y la editorial, entre otros. La información será recolectada mediante la utilización de una tabla de Excel, dicha información se analizará para posteriormente crear una base de datos que podrán consultar los profesionales de la educación

Education-related Inequity in Health Care with Heterogeneous Reporting of Health

Reliance on self-rated health to proxy medical need can bias estimation of education-related inequity in health care utilisation. We correct this bias both by instrumenting self-rated health with objective health indicators and by purging self-rated health of reporting heterogeneity identified from health vignettes. Using data on elderly Europeans, we find that instrumenting self-rated health shifts the distribution of doctor visits in the direction of inequality favouring the better educated. There is a further, and typically larger, shift the same direction when correction is made for the tendency of the better educated to rate their health more negatively

Correcting the Bias in the Concentration Index when Income is Grouped

The problem introduced by grouping income data when measuring socioeconomic inequalities in health (and health care) has been highlighted in a recent study. We reexamine this issue and show there is a tendency to underestimate the concentration index at an increasing rate when lowering the number of income categories. This bias results from a form of measurement error and we propose two correction methods. Firstly, the use of instrumental variables (IV) can reduce the error within income categories. Secondly, through a simple formula for correction that is based only on the number of groups. We compare the performance of these methods using data from 15 European countries and the United States. We find that the simple correction formula reduces the impact of grouping and always outperforms the IV approach. Use of this correction can substantially improve comparisons of the concentration index both across countries and across time.concentration index; errors-in-variables; instrumental variables; categorical data; first-order correction

El círculo escultórico de Montañés en el Vicerreinato del Perú

Universidad de Sevilla. Grado en Historia del Art

Slipping anchor? Testing the vignettes approach to identification and correction of reporting heterogeneity

Anchoring vignettes are increasingly used to identify and correct heterogeneity in the reporting of health, work disability, life satisfaction, political efficacy, etc. with the aim of improving interpersonal comparability of subjective indicators of these constructs. The method relies on two assumptions: vignette equivalence – the vignette description is perceived by all to correspond to the same state; and, response consistency - individuals use the same response scales to rate the vignettes and their own situation. We propose tests of these assumptions. For vignette equivalence, we test a necessary condition of no systematic variation with observed characteristics in the perceived difference in states corresponding to any two vignettes. To test response consistency we rely on the assumption that objective indicators fully capture the covariation between the construct of interest and observed individual characteristics, and so offer an alternative way to identify response scales, which can then be compared with those identified from the vignettes. We also introduce a weaker test that is valid under a less stringent assumption. We apply these tests to cognitive functioning and mobility related health problems using data from the English Longitudinal Survey of Ageing. Response consistency is rejected for both health domains according to the first test, but the weaker test does not reject for cognitive functioning. The necessary condition for vignette equivalence is rejected for both health domains. These results cast some doubt on the validity of the vignettes approach, at least as applied to these health domains

External Validation of the Use of Vignettes in Cross-Country Health Studies

Cross-country comparisons of subjective assessments are rendered difficult if not impossible because of sub-population specific response style. To correct for this, the use of vignettes has become increasingly popular, notably within cross-country health studies. However, the validity of vignettes as a means to re-scale across sample populations critically rests on the assumption of "response consistency" (RC): that vignettes and self-assessments are evaluated on the same scale. In this paper, we seek to test this assumption by applying objective measures of health along with subjective measures and vignettes. Our results indicate that the assumption of RC is not innocuous and that our extended model relaxing this assumption improves the fit and significantly changes the cross-country rankings of health vis-à-vis the standard Chopit model.cross-country health comparison, vignettes, subjective and objective measures