Examining counseling and psychology trainees implicit and explicit attitudes towards trans men and trans women

Access to thesis permanently restricted to Ball State community only.The current study examined counseling and psychology trainees implicit and explicit attitudes towards trans men and trans women based on trainees’ self-identified gender, sexual orientation, and religiosity (as measured by spiritual support and spiritual openness). Participants (n = 174) included master’s and doctoral level students across counseling and psychology disciplines. Participants were recruited through non-probability Purposive sampling and invited to complete an online survey in Qualtrics at their discretion. Controlling for social desirability, a Multivariate Multiple Regression analysis indicated spiritual support was the strongest predictor of attitudes followed by sexual orientation, spiritual openness, and then status as a cisgender male or female. In this study, low openness and high support were associated with more anti-trans attitudes towards trans men and women at the explicit level as well as implicit preference towards trans men, but only among trainees who endorsed high spiritual support. With regards to gender, cis male trainees showed more explicit preference towards cis men and women, while cis female and gender-expansive trainees yielded more explicit preference towards trans men and women. However implicitly, trainee gender did not account for statistically significant differences in attitudes towards either gender identity comparison group. Finally, trainees who identified as heterosexual held explicit preference towards cis men and surprisingly, held implicit preference towards trans women. Conversely, non-heterosexual trainees held explicit preference towards trans men and implicit preference towards cis women. Overall, this study provides evidence that counseling and psychology trainees may hold different attitudes, at the explicit and implicit level, towards trans men and women. Additionally, despite conscious endorsement of positive attitudes towards trans men and/or women, anti-trans attitudes may be difficult to overcome given how deeply they may be engrained in the human psyche. Implications for future research, policies and practice are discussed.Thesis (Ph. D.

Examining counseling and psychology trainees implicit and explicit attitudes towards trans men and trans women

Access to thesis permanently restricted to Ball State community only.The current study examined counseling and psychology trainees implicit and explicit attitudes towards trans men and trans women based on trainees’ self-identified gender, sexual orientation, and religiosity (as measured by spiritual support and spiritual openness). Participants (n = 174) included master’s and doctoral level students across counseling and psychology disciplines. Participants were recruited through non-probability Purposive sampling and invited to complete an online survey in Qualtrics at their discretion. Controlling for social desirability, a Multivariate Multiple Regression analysis indicated spiritual support was the strongest predictor of attitudes followed by sexual orientation, spiritual openness, and then status as a cisgender male or female. In this study, low openness and high support were associated with more anti-trans attitudes towards trans men and women at the explicit level as well as implicit preference towards trans men, but only among trainees who endorsed high spiritual support. With regards to gender, cis male trainees showed more explicit preference towards cis men and women, while cis female and gender-expansive trainees yielded more explicit preference towards trans men and women. However implicitly, trainee gender did not account for statistically significant differences in attitudes towards either gender identity comparison group. Finally, trainees who identified as heterosexual held explicit preference towards cis men and surprisingly, held implicit preference towards trans women. Conversely, non-heterosexual trainees held explicit preference towards trans men and implicit preference towards cis women. Overall, this study provides evidence that counseling and psychology trainees may hold different attitudes, at the explicit and implicit level, towards trans men and women. Additionally, despite conscious endorsement of positive attitudes towards trans men and/or women, anti-trans attitudes may be difficult to overcome given how deeply they may be engrained in the human psyche. Implications for future research, policies and practice are discussed.Thesis (Ph. D.

Oxy-functionalization of nucleophilic rhenium(I) metal carbon bonds catalyzed by selenium(IV)

We report that SeO_2 catalyzes the facile oxy-functionalization of (CO)_5Re(I)-Me^(δ−) with IO_4− to generate methanol. Mechanistic studies and DFT calculations reveal that catalysis involves methyl group transfer from Re to the electrophilic Se center followed by oxidation and subsequent reductive functionalization of the resulting CH_3Se(VI) species. Furthermore, (CO)_3Re(I)(Bpy)-R (R = ethyl, n-propyl, and aryl) complexes show analogous transfer to SeO_2 to generate the primary alcohols. This represents a new strategy for the oxy-functionalization of M−R^(δ−) polarized bonds

Heterolytic CH Activation and Catalysis by an O-Donor Iridium−Hydroxo Complex

A well-defined, O-donor ligated iridium hydroxide complex is reported that is competent for benzene CH activation and long-lived catalytic H/D exchange between benzene and water. An inverse dependence of the H/D exchange rate on added pyridine, a kinetic isotope effect (KIE) of 2.65 ± 0.56 for CH activation with 1,3,5-trideuteriobenzene, a KIE of 1.07 ± 0.24 with C_6H_6/C_6D_6, and DFT calculations are consistent with the CH activation proceeding via rate-determining benzene coordination followed by fast CH cleavage via a σ-bond-metathesis transition state

CH Activation with an O-Donor Iridium−Methoxo Complex

A thermally and air stable O-donor, iridium−methoxo complex is reported that undergoes stoichiometric, intermolecular C−H activation of benzene with co-generation of methanol and the iridium−phenyl complex

Mechanism of efficient anti-Markovnikov olefin hydroarylation catalyzed by homogeneous Ir(III) complexes

The mechanism of the hydroarylation reaction between unactivated olefins (ethylene, propylene, and styrene) and benzene catalyzed by [(R)Ir(μ-acac-O,O,C^3)-(acac-O,O)_2]_2 and [R-Ir(acac-O,O)_2(L)] (R = acetylacetonato, CH_3, CH_2CH_3, Ph, or CH_2CH_2Ph, and L = H_2O or pyridine) Ir(III) complexes was studied by experimental methods. The system is selective for generating the anti-Markovnikov product of linear alkylarenes (61 : 39 for benzene + propylene and 98 : 2 for benzene + styrene). The reaction mechanism was found to follow a rate law with first-order dependence on benzene and catalyst, but a non-linear dependence on olefin. ^(13)C-labelling studies with CH_3^(13)CH_2-Ir-Py showed that reversible β-hydride elimination is facile, but unproductive, giving exclusively saturated alkylarene products. The migration of the ^(13)C-label from the α to β-positions was found to be slower than the C–H activation of benzene (and thus formation of ethane and Ph-d_5-Ir-Py). Kinetic analysis under steady state conditions gave a ratio of the rate constants for CH activation and β-hydride elimination (k_(CH): k_β) of 0.5. The comparable magnitude of these rates suggests a common rate determining transition state/intermediate, which has been shown previously with B3LYP density functional theory (DFT) calculations. Overall, the mechanism of hydroarylation proceeds through a series of pre-equilibrium dissociative steps involving rupture of the dinuclear species or the loss of L from Ph-Ir-L to the solvento, 16-electron species, Ph-Ir(acac-O,O)_2-Sol (where Sol refers to coordinated solvent). This species then undergoes trans to cis isomerization of the acetylacetonato ligand to yield the pseudo octahedral species cis-Ph-Ir-Sol, which is followed by olefin insertion (the regioselective and rate determining step), and then activation of the C–H bond of an incoming benzene to generate the product and regenerate the catalyst

Blast in Context: The Neuropsychological and Neurocognitive Effects of Long-Term Occupational Exposure to Repeated Low-Level Explosives on Canadian Armed Forces\u27 Breaching Instructors and Range Staff

Currently, there is strong interest within the military to better understand the effects of long-term occupational exposure to repeated low-level blast on health and performance. To gain traction on the chronic sequelae of blast, we focused on breaching—a tactical technique for gaining entry into closed/blocked spaces by placing explosives and maintaining a calculated safe distance from the detonation. Using a cross-sectional design, we compared the neuropsychological and neurocognitive profiles of breaching instructors and range staff to sex- and age-matched Canadian Armed Forces (CAF) controls. Univariate tests demonstrated that breaching was associated with greater post-concussive symptoms (Rivermead Post Concussion Symptoms Questionnaire) and lower levels of energy (RAND SF-36). In addition, breaching instructors and range staff were slower on a test that requires moving and thinking simultaneously (i.e., cognitive-motor integration). Next, using a multivariate approach, we explored the impact of other possible sources of injury, including concussion and prior war-zone deployment on the same outcomes. Concussion history was associated with higher post-concussive scores and musculoskeletal problems, whereas deployment was associated with higher post-concussive scores, but lower energy and greater PTSD symptomatology (using PCL-5). Our results indicate that although breaching, concussion, and deployment were similarly correlated with greater post-concussive symptoms, concussion history appears to be uniquely associated with altered musculoskeletal function, whereas deployment history appears to be uniquely associated with lower energy and risk of PTSD. We argue that the broader injury context must, therefore, be considered when studying the impact of repetitive low-level explosives on health and performance in military members

Metallocene to metallocene conversion. Synthesis of an oxazoline-substituted pentamethyliridocenium cation from a ferrocenyloxazoline

Reaction of (S)-2-ferrocenyl-4-(1-methylethyl)oxazoline with [(CpIrCl2)-Ir-star](2) in benzonitrile with KPF6 and NaOH gave (eta(5)-(S)-2-(4-(1-methylethyl))oxazolinylcyclopentadienyl)(eta(5)-pentamethylcyclopentadienyl)-iridium(III) hexafluorophosphate (68%). This transformation of an iron-based into an iridium-based metallocene proceeds via the rearrangement, with loss of cyclopentadienyliron, of an intermediate cationic ferrocenyliridacycle