Influence of contextual variables on styles of play in soccer

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of match status, venue, and quality of opposition on the styles of play in soccer. Data were collected from 380 games of the English Premier League from the 2015–2016 season. Linear mixed models were applied to evaluate the influence of these contextual variables on membership scores for Direct Play, Counterattack, Maintenance, Build Up, Sustained Threat, Fast Tempo, Crossing, and High Pressure. The results showed that match status had a significant effect on the eight styles of play (all P < 0.001), venue had a significant effect on all styles of play (P < 0.01) except Counterattack and Maintenance, and quality of opposition had a significant effect on all styles of play (P < 0.05) except Counterattack. Moreover, the interaction between match status and quality of opposition, and venue and quality of opposition showed significant effects on some styles of play. The results of this study imply that contextual variables influence the use of styles of play in soccer match play. Consequently, this provides meaningful recommendations for practitioners in soccer

An equal right to inherit? Women's land rights, customary law and constitutional reform in Tanzania

This article explores contemporary contestations surrounding women’s inheritance of land in Africa. Legal activism has gained momentum, both in agendas for law reform and in test case litigation, which reached United Nations Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women in ES and SC v. United Republic of Tanzania. Comparing the approach of Tanzania to that of its neighbours, Uganda, Kenya and Rwanda, this article explores patterns of resistance and omission towards enshrining an equal right to inherit in land and succession laws. It identifies two main reasons: neoliberal drivers for land law reform of the 1990s and sociopolitical sensitivity surrounding inheritance of land. It argues that a progressive approach to constitutional and law reform on women’s land rights requires understanding of the realities of claims to family land based on kinship relations. It calls for a holistic approach to land, marriage and inheritance law reform underpinned with constitutional rights to equality and progressive interpretations of living customary law

Assessment of soil fertility status for Bambara Groundnut Production in South-eastern Tanzania

International Journal of Plant & Soil Science, 2018; 24 (3): 1-13Intensive farming practised in the agro-ecological zones of Makonde plateau (C2) and Inland plain (E5) of south-eastern Tanzania without proper soil management has led to nutrient depletion. The objective of the study was to assess the fertility status of soils in Bambara groundnut growing areas of south-eastern Tanzania. Twenty-two farmers' field sites were sampled and composite samples of top soil at 0 – 20 cm depth were collected for physical and chemical analysis. The results indicate that the soils in the study area are sandy loam (64%), loamy sand (27%) and sandy clay loam (9%). About 28% of the soils in the study area had very low CEC values (< 6 cmol (+) kg soil). Soil pH was strongly acidic to moderately acidic (≤ 5.5) and slightly acidic (≥ 6.0) in the C2 and E5 agro- ecological zones, respectively. Total N was very low (< 0.1%) and organic carbon was very low to low (< 0.6%). Low levels of available P (<10 mg/kg), inadequate S (SO 4 -S) levels (< 10 mg/kg) were observed. The exchangeable K in the C2 zone was very low to low (< 0.05 cmol(+)/kg) while E5 zone had medium K level. The calcium level of C2 was low to medium (0.2 – 2.5 cmol(+)/kg) 2+ whereas that of E5 was medium to high (0.6 – 5.0 cmol(+)/kg). The exchangeable Mg levels were + very low to low (< 0.2 cmol(+)/kg) while Na was < 0.30 cmol(+)/kg soil indicating no sodicity problem. For > 90% of the studied soils extractable Zn was below critical level of 0.6 mg/kg. All soils had adequate extractable Fe whereas > 70% of the soils had high (> 5 mg/kg) extractable Mn. The study area generally indicated low fertility status in terms of N, P, K, S, Mg and Zn, calling for proper management for improving crop production

Football incident analysis: a new video based method to describe injury mechanisms in professional football

Objectives: To develop and test a new video based method for match analysis that combines football specific and medical information to achieve a better understanding of the injury mechanisms and events leading up to high risk situations. Methods: Football incident analysis (FIA) is a video based method describing incidents that may result in an injury using 19 variables and categories modified from match analysis. Videos from 35 of 76 (46%) official Norwegian under 21 matches played from 1994 to 1998 were analysed. Two football experts classified each incident on the basis of predetermined criteria, and their results were compared using interobserver and intraobserver reliability tests. Results: κ correlation coefficients for interobserver and intraobserver agreement were very good for 63% and 95% and good for 37% and 5% of the variables respectively. Fifty two incidents were recorded (1.6 incidents per team per match or 94 per 1000 player hours), and 16 (31%) led to injuries (0.5 injuries per match or 29 injuries per 1000 player hours). FIA results showed that 28 incidents occurred while attacking in midfield zone 2 or the attacking zone, and 24 took place while defending in the defensive zone or midfield zone 1. Midfielders were exposed in 67% of the incidents, mainly in breakdown attacks or during long attacks by the opposing team. Of the 28 incidents during offence, only one was classified as having great potential to score a goal. Most incidents (70%) were the result of tackling duels both in the offensive and defensive playing phases. Of the 21 offensive incidents resulting from tackling duels, in 19 cases the exposed player was unaware of the tackling (passive duellist). Conclusions: This study shows that football incident analysis is a potentially valuable tool for understanding the events leading up to injuries in football

Assessment of Soil Fertility Status for Bambara Groundnut Production in South-eastern Tanzania

Intensive farming practised in the agro-ecological zones of Makonde plateau (C2) and Inland plain (E5) of south-eastern Tanzania without proper soil management has led to nutrient depletion. The objective of the study was to assess the fertility status of soils in Bambara groundnut growing areas of south-eastern Tanzania. Twenty-two farmers' field sites were sampled and composite samples of top soil at 0 – 20 cm depth were collected for physical and chemical analysis. The results indicate that the soils in the study area are sandy loam (64%), loamy sand (27%) and sandy clay loam (9%). About 28% of the soils in the study area had very low CEC values (&lt; 6 cmol (+) kg soil). Soil pH was strongly acidic to moderately acidic (≤ 5.5) and slightly acidic (≥ 6.0) in the C2 and E5 agro-ecological zones, respectively. Total N was very low (&lt; 0.1%) and organic carbon was very low to low (&lt; 0.6%). Low levels of available P (&lt;10 mg/kg), inadequate S (SO4-S) levels (&lt; 10 mg/kg) were observed. The exchangeable K in the C2 zone was very low to low (&lt; 0.05 cmol(+)/kg) while E5 zone had medium K level. The calcium level of C2 was low to medium (0.2 – 2.5 cmol(+)/kg) whereas that of E5 was medium to high (0.6 – 5.0 cmol(+)/kg). The exchangeable Mg2+ levels were very low to low (&lt; 0.2 cmol(+)/kg) while Na+ was &lt; 0.30 cmol(+)/kg soil indicating no sodicity problem. For &gt; 90% of the studied soils extractable Zn was below critical level of 0.6 mg/kg. All soils had adequate extractable Fe whereas &gt; 70% of the soils had high (&gt; 5 mg/kg) extractable Mn. The study area generally indicated low fertility status in terms of N, P, K, S, Mg and Zn, calling for proper management for improving crop production

Assessment of soil fertility status for Bambara Groundnut Production in South-eastern Tanzania

International Journal of Plant & Soil Science, 2018; 24 (3): 1-13Intensive farming practised in the agro-ecological zones of Makonde plateau (C2) and Inland plain (E5) of south-eastern Tanzania without proper soil management has led to nutrient depletion. The objective of the study was to assess the fertility status of soils in Bambara groundnut growing areas of south-eastern Tanzania. Twenty-two farmers' field sites were sampled and composite samples of top soil at 0 – 20 cm depth were collected for physical and chemical analysis. The results indicate that the soils in the study area are sandy loam (64%), loamy sand (27%) and sandy clay loam (9%). About 28% of the soils in the study area had very low CEC values (< 6 cmol (+) kg soil). Soil pH was strongly acidic to moderately acidic (≤ 5.5) and slightly acidic (≥ 6.0) in the C2 and E5 agro- ecological zones, respectively. Total N was very low (< 0.1%) and organic carbon was very low to low (< 0.6%). Low levels of available P (<10 mg/kg), inadequate S (SO 4 -S) levels (< 10 mg/kg) were observed. The exchangeable K in the C2 zone was very low to low (< 0.05 cmol(+)/kg) while E5 zone had medium K level. The calcium level of C2 was low to medium (0.2 – 2.5 cmol(+)/kg) 2+ whereas that of E5 was medium to high (0.6 – 5.0 cmol(+)/kg). The exchangeable Mg levels were + very low to low (< 0.2 cmol(+)/kg) while Na was < 0.30 cmol(+)/kg soil indicating no sodicity problem. For > 90% of the studied soils extractable Zn was below critical level of 0.6 mg/kg. All soils had adequate extractable Fe whereas > 70% of the soils had high (> 5 mg/kg) extractable Mn. The study area generally indicated low fertility status in terms of N, P, K, S, Mg and Zn, calling for proper management for improving crop production