Effect Of Pasteurization On The Decay Of Mycobacterium Bovis In Milk Cream

Milk cream must be pasteurized in order to be sold in Brazil. However, there are no specific legal requirements for this product, and producers set their own pasteurization parameters using the ones approved for milk as a reference. Considering that fat protects bacteria from heat, that no thermal inactivation studies have been performed on Mycobacterium bovis present in cream, and that bovine tuberculosis is endemic in Brazil, the aim of this study was to evaluate the inactivation of M. bovis in milk cream subjected to commercial parameters of pasteurization. Milk cream samples were contaminated and pasteurized in a water bath at 75, 80, 85, and 90°C for 5 and 15 s. M. bovis cells were plated onto Stonebrink-Leslie medium, incubated at 36°C for 45 days, and quantified; the result was expressed in log CFU mL-1. The fat content of the samples ranged from 34% to 37% and the average initial load of M. bovis was 8.0 Log CFU mL-1. The average decay of the M. bovis populations was 4.0, 4.3, 4.9 and 6.7 log CFU mL-1 when the cream was treated for 15 sec at 75, 80, 85 and 90°C, respectively, showing that the efficiency of the heat treatment was improved by increasing the temperature of the process. Given the lipophilic nature of M. bovis, the cream should be subjected to more intense parameters of pasteurization than those applied to milk.3753737374

Controlling Bovine Brucellosis In The State Of São Paulo, Brazil: Results After Ten Years Of A Vaccination Program

A cross- sectional study was carried out, between May and November 2011, to estimate the situation of the bovine brucellosis in São Paulo State, 10 years after the commencement of the vaccination of the heifers with the S19 strain. The State was divided into seven regions and in each of them, 300 farms with reproductive activity were randomly chosen and considered as primary sample units. A fixed number of cows was randomly selected and tested for antibodies against Brucella spp. A farm was considered infected if at least one female tested positive. In the selected farms, an epidemiological questionnaire was administered which focused on herd traits as well as husbandry and sanitary practices that could be associated with the risk of infection. The prevalence (percentile, [95% confidence interval]) of infected herds was 10.2% [8.8-11.8] for the State, and for the regions, it varied from 7.3% [4.7-11.2] to 12.3% [8.8-16.8], not showing significant difference between different regions. The apparent prevalence of positive farms in the State and regions remained similar to the prevalence observed 10 years before. The prevalence of positive animals was 2.4% [1.8-3.1] in the State and varied from 1.1% [0.6-2] to 3.5% [1.7-7.1] in the regions, not showing significant difference between regions. Again, there was no difference in the prevalence of positive animals after 10 years of the vaccination program. The risk factors (odds ratio, 95% confidence interval) associated with bovine brucellosis in the State included number of cows = 24 (3.08, 2.22-4.27) and the acquisition of breeding animals (1.33, 0.95-1.87). The São Paulo State should conduct systematic vaccination coverage of above 80% of the eligible heifers with the S19 strain vaccine annually. Moreover, the State should emphatically use RB51 strain vaccine in females above 8 months of age not vaccinated with S19 strain vaccine. An efficient animal health education program to orientate farmers to test replacement animals for brucellosis prior to introduction in their herds should also be implemented.3753505351

Prevalence And Risk Factors For Bovine Tuberculosis In The State Of São Paulo, Brazil

A cross sectional study was carried out between May and November 2011 to investigate the epidemiological situation of bovine tuberculosis (bTB) in the state of São Paulo, Brazil. The state was divided into seven regions. Three hundred farms from each region, with reproductive activity, were randomly chosen and included as primary sample units. A fixed number of bovine females, older than 2 years of age, were randomly selected and tested, using the comparative cervical tuberculin test. An epidemiological questionnaire based survey was conducted in the selected farms. Our results show that in the state of São Paulo, the apparent prevalence of positive farms was 9% (95% confidence interval, 95% CI = 7.8 - 10.5%). The prevalence in the individual regions varied between 3.5% (95% CI = 1.7 - 6.8%) and 13.9% (95% CI = 10.2 - 18.8%). The apparent prevalence of positive animals in the state was 1.3% (95% CI = 0.9 - 1.7%) and varied from 0.3% (95% CI = 0.2 - 0.6%) to 2.5% (95% CI = 1.4 - 4.5%) in the regions. The risk factors associated with tuberculosis in the state were (i) number of adult females in a herd is = 24 (Odds ratio, OR = 1.91, 95% CI = 1.32 - 2.75), (ii) type of farm enterprise (dairy: OR = 2.70, 95% CI = 1.40 - 5.21; mixed: OR = 2.03, 95% CI = 1.08 - 3.82), (iii) milking process (milking parlor: OR = 4.12, 95% CI = 1.46 - 11.64; portable milking machine: OR = 2.94, 95% CI = 1.42 - 6.09), and (iv) pasture sharing (OR = 1.58, 95% CI = 1.07 - 2.33). The state of São Paulo should implement a structured surveillance system to detect and mitigate the disease. Further, an efficient animal health education program, which encourages the farmers to test replacement animals for bTB prior to introduction in their herds and to avoid pasture sharing with farms of unknown sanitary conditions should also be implemented.3753673368

Racial Differences in Physical and Mental Health

This article examines the extent to which racial differences in socio-economic status (SES), social class and acute and chronic indicators of perceived discrimination, as well as general measures of stress can account for black-white differences in self-reported measures of physical and mental health. The observed racial differences in health were markedly reduced when adjusted for education and especially income. However, both perceived discrimination and more traditional measures of stress are related to health and play an incremental role in accounting for differences between the races in health status. These findings underscore the need for research efforts to identify the complex ways in which economic and non-economic forms of discrimination relate to each other and combine with socio-economic position and other risk factors and resources to affect health.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/67159/2/10.1177_135910539700200305.pd

Methods for thermal inactivation of pathogens in mozzarella: a comparison between stretching and pasteurization

This study aimed to evaluate the efficiency of stretching in the reduction of pathogens when compared to milk pasteurization, the official method to ensure safe cheese production. Whole buffalo milk was contaminated with Mycobacterium fortuitum, Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella typhimurium, and Staphylococcus aureus. Part of the milk was used in mozzarella production and the other part was submitted to holder pasteurization. Pathogens were quantified before and after thermal processing (mozzarella stretching and milk pasteurization). Pasteurization and stretching led to the following reductions in log cycles, respectively: 4.0 and 6.3 for Mycobacterium sp.; 6.0 and 8.4 for Listeria sp.; >6.8 and 4.5 for Staphylococcus sp.; and >8.2 and 7.5 for Salmonella sp

Methods for thermal inactivation of pathogens in mozzarella: a comparison between stretching and pasteurization Métodos para inativação térmica de patógenos em mozarela: comparação entre filagem e pasteurização

This study aimed to evaluate the efficiency of stretching in the reduction of pathogens when compared to milk pasteurization, the official method to ensure safe cheese production. Whole buffalo milk was contaminated with Mycobacterium fortuitum, Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella typhimurium, and Staphylococcus aureus. Part of the milk was used in mozzarella production and the other part was submitted to holder pasteurization. Pathogens were quantified before and after thermal processing (mozzarella stretching and milk pasteurization). Pasteurization and stretching led to the following reductions in log cycles, respectively: 4.0 and 6.3 for Mycobacterium sp.; 6.0 and 8.4 for Listeria sp.; >6.8 and 4.5 for Staphylococcus sp.; and >8.2 and 7.5 for Salmonella sp.Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a eficácia da filagem na redução de patógenos,em comparação coma pasteurizaçãodo leite, que é o método oficialpara garantir aprodução de queijos seguros. Leite de búfala integral foi contaminado com Mycobacterium fortuitum, Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella typhimurium e Staphylococcus aureus. Parte desse leite foi empregada na fabricação da mozarela e outra parte foi submetida à pasteurização lenta. Os patógenosforam quantificadosantes e após os processos térmicos (filagem da mozarela e pasteurização do leite). As reduções, em ciclos logarítmicos, causadas pela pasteurização e pela filagem, respectivamente, foram: 4,0 e 6,3 de Mycobacterium sp., 6,0 e 8,4 de Listeria sp., >6,8 e 4,5 de Staphylococcus sp. e >8,2 e 7,5 de Salmonella sp

Aspectos produtivos e vegetativos de macieiras cv. Imperial Gala interenxertadas com EM-9 Productive and vegetative aspects of the imperial gala apple trees with EM-9 interstem in different lengths

A obtenção de pomares compactos, com plantas de menor vigor e alta produção, constitui uma forte tendência da horticultura atual, tendo em vista o aumento na produtividade. Uma das técnicas de redução do vigor das plantas é a interenxertia. Este estudo foi desenvolvido no pomar comercial da empresa Randon Agro Silvo Pastoril S.A. (RASIP), localizado no Estado Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. O objetivo foi avaliar o desenvolvimento vegetativo e produtivo de macieiras cv. Imperial Gala, com diferentes comprimentos de interenxerto: 10; 15; 20; 25 e 30 cm. Os parâmetros avaliados no sétimo e oitavo anos de implantação foram os seguintes: área da seção do tronco da cultivar copa a 5 cm do segundo ponto de enxertia; altura da planta; volume da copa; índice de fertilidade; número de frutos por planta; produtividade estimada e eficiência produtiva. Conclui-se que o uso do interenxerto de EM-9 de 30 cm no porta-enxerto Marubakaido é o mais indicado para o controle do vigor de macieiras cv. Imperial Gala, garantindo a maior eficiência produtiva e frutos de maior tamanho.<br>Obtaining a compact orchard, with less vigorous plants and high production, constitutes a strong tendency in the current horticulture, aiming the raise of the productivity. One of the techniques for reducing vigor is the interstem. This study was developed in a commercial orchard of Randon Agro Silvo Pastoril S.A. (RASIP), located in Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil. The purpose of this work was to evaluate the vegetative and productive development of apple trees cv. Imperial Gala with different lengths of EM-9 interstem. The treatments consisted of five interstem lengths: 10, 15, 20, 25, 30 cm. The following parameters were evaluated, in the seventh and eighth year of implantation: the sectional area of the Imperial Gala 5 cm above the second graft point; height of the plant; the tree-head size; fertility index; the number of fruits per plant; estimated productivity and productive efficiency. The use of interstem EM-9 of 30 cm in the rootstock Marubakaido is the most indicated for vigor control of Imperial Gala apple trees, provides greater productive efficiency and produces bigger fruits