Primeiro registro de nematoide de cisto da soja na Região Centro-Sul de Mato Grosso do Sul.

O nematoide de cisto da soja (NCS), Heterodera glycines, é um dos principais fatores limitantes à produção de soja no Brasil. Desde a sua constatação na safra 1991/1992, o NCS distribuiu-se por praticamente todas as regiões produtoras de soja do País, estando presente atualmente em cerca de 2 milhões de hectares nos seguintes estados: Rio Grande do Sul, Paraná, São Paulo, Mato Grosso do Sul, Mato Grosso, Minas Gerais, Goiás, Tocantins, Maranhão e Bahia (EMBRAPA, 2009). Em Mato Grosso do Sul, o NCS permaneceu limitado às regiões Norte e Nordeste do estado, onde causa perdas consideráveis.bitstream/item/51822/1/COT-2011-170.pd

Code merging using transformations and member identity

Conventionally, merging code files is performed using generic line-based merging algorithms (e.g., diff3) that are unaware of the syntax and semantics of the programming language, outputting conflicts that could be avoided. Structured and semistructured merging techniques are capable of reducing conflicts, but they still suffer from false positives (conflicts that could be avoided) and false negatives (conflicts that go undetected). We propose a merging technique that combines semistructured and transformation-based strategies, where conflict detection is aware of semantic aspects of the programming language. We extract transformations of two branches and apply a merging process that analyzes incompatible transformations, avoiding false positives and false negatives that occur in existing approaches. We developed Jaid, a prototype merging tool for Java based on the assumption that structural code elements evolve with attached UUIDs (representing identity). We performed an early experiment with 63 merge scenarios from two open-source projects to test the technique and assess its feasibility.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Sex differences and correlates of poor glycaemic control in type 2 diabetes: a cross-sectional study in Brazil and Venezuela.

OBJECTIVE: Examine whether glycaemic control varies according to sex and whether the latter plays a role in modifying factors associated with inadequate glycaemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D) in Brazil and Venezuela. DESIGN, SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS: This was a cross-sectional, nationwide survey conducted in Brazil and Venezuela from February 2006 to June 2007 to obtain information about glycaemic control and its determinants in patients with diabetes mellitus attending outpatient clinics. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Haemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) level was measured by liquid chromatography, and patients with HbA1c ≥7.0% (53 mmol/mol) were considered to have inadequate glycaemic control. The association of selected variables with glycaemic control was analysed by multivariate linear regression, using HbA1c as the dependent variable. RESULTS: A total of 9418 patients with T2D were enrolled in Brazil (n=5692) and in Venezuela (n=3726). They included 6214 (66%) women and 3204 (34%) men. On average, HbA1c levels in women were 0.13 (95% CI 0.03 to 0.24; p=0.015) higher than in men, after adjusting for age, marital status, education, race, country, body mass index, duration of disease, complications, type of healthcare, adherence to diet, adherence to treatment and previous measurement of HbA1c. Sex modified the effect of some factors associated with glycaemic control in patients with T2D in our study, but had no noteworthy effect in others. CONCLUSIONS: Women with T2D had worse glycaemic control than men. Possible causes for poorer glycaemic control in women compared with men include differences in glucose homeostasis, treatment response and psychological factors. In addition, sex modified factors associated with glycaemic control, suggesting the need to develop specific treatment guidelines for men and women

Topical preparations for pain relief: efficacy and patient adherence

There has been an increasing focus on development of new routes of drug administration to provide tailored treatments for patients, without decreasing efficacy of analgesia, in proportion to the progression of the knowledge of pain mechanisms. While acute pain acts as an alarm, chronic pain is a syndrome requiring meticulous selection of analgesic drugs of high bioavailability for long-term use. Such criteria are challenges that topical medications aim to overcome, allowing progressive delivery of active component, maintaining stable plasma levels, with a good safety profile. This review presents recent findings regarding topical formulations of the most widely used drugs for pain treatment, such as nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents, anesthetics, and capsaicin, and the role of physical agents as delivery enhancers (phonophoresis and iontophoresis). Although the number of topical agents is limited for use in peripheral conditions, increasing evidence supports the efficacy of these preparations in blocking nociceptive and neuropathic pain. Patient adherence to medical treatment is also a challenge, especially in chronic painful conditions. It is known that reduction of treatment complexity and pill burden are good strategies to increase patient compliance, as discussed here. However, the role of topical presentations, when compared to traditional routes, has not yet been fully explored and thus remains unclear

Ocorrência de Anastrepha zenildae Zucchi (Diptera: Tephritidae) e seu parasitóide em frutos de Ziziphus mauritiana (Rhamnaceae) em Roraima.

Resumo 1626-1

Within- and between-group regression for improving the robustness of causal claims in cross-sectional analysis

Background: A major objective of environmental epidemiology is to elucidate exposure-health outcome associations. To increase the variance of observed exposure concentrations, researchers recruit individuals from different geographic areas. The common analytical approach uses multilevel analysis to estimate individual-level associations adjusted for individual and area covariates. However, in cross-sectional data this approach does not differentiate between residual confounding at the individual level and at the area level. An approach allowing researchers to distinguish between within-group effects and between-group effects would improve the robustness of causal claims. Methods: We applied an extended multilevel approach to a large cross-sectional study aimed to elucidate the hypothesized link between drinking water pollution from perfluoroctanoic acid (PFOA) and plasma levels of C-reactive protein (CRP) or lymphocyte counts. Using within- and between-group regression of the individual PFOA serum concentrations, we partitioned the total effect into a within- and between-group effect by including the aggregated group average of the individual exposure concentrations as an additional predictor variable. Results: For both biomarkers, we observed a strong overall association with PFOA blood levels. However, for lymphocyte counts the extended multilevel approach revealed the absence of a between-group effect, suggesting that most of the observed total effect was due to individual level confounding. In contrast, for CRP we found consistent between- and within-group effects, which corroborates the causal claim for the association between PFOA blood levels and CRP. Conclusion: Between- and within-group regression modelling augments cross-sectional analysis of epidemiological data by supporting the unmasking of non-causal associations arising from hidden confounding at different levels. In the application example presented in this paper, the approach suggested individual confounding as a probable explanation for the first observed association and strengthened the robustness of the causal claim for the second one