Genetic variation and associations involving Fusarium head blight and deoxynivalenol accumulation in cultivated oat (Avena sativa L.)

acceptedVersio

Antibiotiku rezistence

MedicīnaVeselības aprūpeMedicineHealth CareIevads: Jau kopš antibakteriālo līdzekļu ieviešanas un tirdzniecības tas ir bijis balsts bakteriālo infekciju profilaksei un kontrolei. Sekojoši, plaša antibiotiku pielietošana un izplatība ir bijis tas virzītājspēks, lai rastos rezistentas baktērijas un tā sauktie superbugi. Tas apdraud ārstēšanas efektivitāti ar antibiotikām, kas nākotnē varētu nozīmēt antibiotiku beigas. Mērķi: Šī apskata mērķis ir izpētīt provocējošos faktorus un iespējamās antibiotiku rezistences sekas. Tā kā antibiotiku rezistences veidošanās ir atzīta par problēmu visā pasaulē, šeit tiks pārbaudīti un novērtēti arī globālie rīcības plāni. Apskatā ir pievērsta uzmanība antibakteriālajai rezistencei, lai gan pastāv arī rezistence pret citiem mikroorganismiem. Metodes: Pētniecība tika veikta 2019. gada septembrī, izmantojot datu bāzi PubMed. Tika izmantoti raksti, kas rakstīti pēdējo 10 gadu laikā angļu valodā. Pētījumā tika izmantoti dažādi MESH termini, ieskaitot “antibiotiku rezistence, bakteriālā” un “medikamentozā rezistence, mikrobiālā”. Tika pārskatīta virsrakstu piemērotība un svītroti tie, kas neatbilda šīm nolūkam. Nākamā atlase tika veikta, izlasot atlikušo rakstu kopsavilkumu. Tika veikts arī PVO vietnē pieejamo publikāciju manuāls pārskats. Secinājumi: Rezistento baktēriju evolūcija tiek uzskatīta par multietioloģisku. Tas lielā mērā attiecināms uz konkrēto vielu ļaunprātīgu izmantošanu, jaunāko zāļu zemo pieejamību, normatīvajiem šķēršļiem un plašu izmantošanu lauksaimniecībā. Antibakteriālā rezidence novedīs pie infekcijas un slimību profilakses pazeminātas aizkavēšanas un palielinās cilvēku un dzīvnieku saslimstību un mirstību. Visticamāk, tas ietekmēs arī pārtikas ražošanu, kas savukārt ietekmēs uzņēmējdarbību un tirdzniecību. Tas novedīs arī pie ekonomiskiem zaudējumiem un lielākiem veselības aprūpes izdevumiem. Lai risinātu šo problēmu, ir jāņem vērā daudzi līmeņi, ieskaitot politisko, medicīnisko, vides, veterināro, lauksaimniecības, akadēmisko un sabiedrisko līmeni.Background: Since the introduction and commercialization of antibacterial agents, it has been a standard in the prevention and control of bacterial infections. Subsequently, the great use and spread of antibiotics has been a driving force in the emergence of resistant bacteria and so-called superbugs. This has jeopardized the efficacy of antibiotic treatment which could mean the end of effective antibiotics in the future. Objectives: The aim of this review is to study precipitating factors and the potential sequela of antibiotic resistance. As the development of antibiotic resistance is more recognized as a problem worldwide, global action plans will also be examined and evaluated. This review is focused on antibacterial resistance although resistance to other microorganisms also occurs. Methods: The database search was made during September 2019 with the use of PubMed. The literature was limited to articles written during the last 10 years and had to be written in English. Different MESH terms were used for the search including “Antibiotic Resistance, Bacterial” and “Drug resistance, microbial”. Headlines were reviewed for relevance. Those that was not relevant to the purpose were removed. Next selection was made by reading the abstract on remaining articles. A manual review of available publications on the WHO website was also made. Conclusions: The evolution of resistant bacteria is considered to be multi-etiological. It is largely attributed to the misuse of the agents, low availability of newer drugs, regulatory barriers and extensive use in agriculture. Resistance to antibacterial will lead to decreased infection and disease prevention and increase in morbidity and mortality in humans and animals. It will most likely also have an impact on food production which will in turn influence business and trade. It will also lead to economic damages and increased health care expenditures. To tackle this problem there has to be participation from many levels including political, medical, environmental, veterinary, agricultural, academic and public level

Near-Infrared Hyperspectral Imaging of Fusarium-Damaged Oats (Avena sativa L.)

submittedVersio

Variation in anther extrusion and its impact on Fusarium head blight and Deoxynivalenol content in Oat (Avena sativa L.)

Variation and inheritance of anther extrusion and its effects on Fusarium head blight were studied. On a 0 to 9 scale, variation ranged from 1 to 6 in a North American oat panel and from 0 to 8 in a Nordic population. The inheritance was studied in two recombinant inbred line populations (Fiia × Stormogul and Svea × Stormogul). Fiia and Svea are recent white-seeded cultivars with low to medium anther extrusion, while Stormogul is an old black-seeded cultivar with high anther extrusion. Highly significant transgressive segregations and high heritabilities were observed (h2 = 0.91 in Fiia × Stormogul and h2 = 0.83 in Svea × Stormogul). Another extrusion was negatively correlated with Fusarium head blight and deoxynivalenol in spawn-inoculated field experiments, but significantly only in Fiia × Stormogul where the range in resistance was widest. Correlations were reversed in spray-inoculated greenhouse experiments, apparently spraying open florets defeated the avoidance mechanism. Anther extrusion may help oat avoid Fusarium infection in the field, but the genetic variance is inadequate and high anther extrusion is rare in modern genepools.publishedVersio

Estimating Deoxynivalenol Content of Ground Oats Using VIS-NIR Spectroscopy

The potential of VIS-NIR spectroscopy as a rapid screening method for resistance of Fusarium-inoculated oats to replace the costly chemical measurements of deoxynivalenol (DON) was investigated. Partial least squares (PLS) regression was conducted on second-derivative spectra (400–2,350 nm) of 166 DON-contaminated samples (0.05–28.1 ppm, mean = 13.06 ppm) with separate calibration and test set samples. The calibration set had 111 samples, and the test set had 55 samples. The best model developed had three PLS components and a root mean square error of prediction (RMSEP) of 3.16 ppm. The residual predictive deviation (RPD) value of the prediction model was 2.63, an acceptable value for the purpose of rough screening. Visual inspection and the VIS spectra of the samples revealed that high-DON samples tended to be darker in color and coarser in texture compared with low-DON samples. The second-derivative spectra showed that low-DON samples tended to have more water and fat content than high-DON samples. With an RMSEP value of 3.16 and RPD of value of 2.63, it seems possible to use VIS-NIR spectroscopy to semiquantitatively estimate DON content of oats and discard the worst genotypes during the early stages of screening.submittedVersio

Screening of oat accessions for Fusarium head blight resistance using spawn-inoculated field experiments

publishedVersio

Variation in anther extrusion and its impact on Fusarium head blight and Deoxynivalenol content in Oat (Avena sativa L.)

Variation and inheritance of anther extrusion and its effects on Fusarium head blight were studied. On a 0 to 9 scale, variation ranged from 1 to 6 in a North American oat panel and from 0 to 8 in a Nordic population. The inheritance was studied in two recombinant inbred line populations (Fiia × Stormogul and Svea × Stormogul). Fiia and Svea are recent white-seeded cultivars with low to medium anther extrusion, while Stormogul is an old black-seeded cultivar with high anther extrusion. Highly significant transgressive segregations and high heritabilities were observed (h2 = 0.91 in Fiia × Stormogul and h2 = 0.83 in Svea × Stormogul). Another extrusion was negatively correlated with Fusarium head blight and deoxynivalenol in spawn-inoculated field experiments, but significantly only in Fiia × Stormogul where the range in resistance was widest. Correlations were reversed in spray-inoculated greenhouse experiments, apparently spraying open florets defeated the avoidance mechanism. Anther extrusion may help oat avoid Fusarium infection in the field, but the genetic variance is inadequate and high anther extrusion is rare in modern genepools