Beet silage: chemical composition, fermentacion parameters and use of NIRS Technology as a tool to identify ensiled beet varieties

8 páginas, 2 figuras, 4 tablas.--Comunicación presentada a la 53ª Reunión Científica de la Sociedad Española para el Estudio de los Pastos (SEEP). "Pastos y PAC 2014-2020"[EN] The use of beet root for the purpose of feeding the dairy cattle could be constrained by the scarce knowledge about the characteristics of this feed after it has been ensiled. To investigate the feasibility of using the NIRS methodology to analyze the chemical composition of ensiled beets and to discriminate between beet varieties, roots of four beet varieties were ensiled (Sandrina KWS 1193, Tilly KWS 2733, Gerty KWS 2734 and Páramo 3359) using laboratory silos (600 ml of capacity). Although small differences (P<0.05) in chemical composition were found between treatments, the range of variation was narrow, especially for crude protein, which reached low and quite uniform values. The pH values were lower than 4 for all the varieties and the fermentation was mainly acetic. Whereas NIRS spectra of raw silages did not allow beet varieties discrimination or chemical composition prediction, spectra from dried and milled samples suggest that NIRS technology could be used as a tool for both purposes. NIRS spectra of silage juices could also be useful to establish beet variety.[ES] El empleo de raíces de remolacha en la alimentación del vacuno de leche se ve limitado por el escaso conocimiento acerca de las características de este alimento una vez ensilado. Para estudiar la composición química y los principales parámetros de fermentación de ensilados de remolacha y explorar la posibilidad de emplear la tecnología de espectroscopía de reflectancia en el infrarrojo cercano (NIRS) para la estimación de los parámetros estudiados y para discriminar distintas variedades de remolacha, se ensilaron raíces de cuatro variedades de remolacha (Sandrina KWS 1193, Tilly KWS 2733, Gerty KWS 2734 y Páramo 3359) empleando micro-silos de 600 ml de capacidad. Se detectaron diferencias (P<0,05) entre variedades en todos los parámetros de composición química de los ensilados, aunque en el caso de la proteína sólo la variedad Tilly KWS 2733 presentó un contenido diferente (P<0,05) a los del resto de las variedades. El pH alcanzó valores menores que 4 para todas las variedades y la fermentación fue principalmente acética. Los espectros NIRS de las muestras de ensilado en fresco no permitieron ni discriminar entre las variedades ensiladas ni predecir la composición química. Sin embargo, los resultados con las muestras secas y molidas sí apuntan la posibilidad de emplear la tecnología NIRS con ambos fines. Los espectros NIRS de los jugos del ensilado también podrían resultar útiles para establecer la variedad de remolacha ensilada.Este trabajo se financió con el contrato asociado a proyecto CDTI titulado: Procesado y estudio de variedades de remolacha para su utilización en alimentación animal (código 100102120005). Organismo financiador: INDUSTRIAS DE NUTRICIÓN ANIMAL, S.L.Peer reviewe

Influence de l'administration directe d'enzymes fibrolytiques sur l'activité fibrolytique dans le rumen du mouton

6 pages, 3 tables.--Contributed to: 12th Seminar of the FAO-CIHEAM Sub-NetWork on Sheep and Goat Nutrition. "Nutritional and foraging ecology of sheep and goats"(Thessalonica, Grecia, Oct 11-13, 2007).Six rumen-fistulated Merino sheep were used in a crossover design experiment to evaluate the effects of a direct-fed exogenous fibrolytic enzyme (12 g/d; ENZ) on ruminal fermentation. The enzyme presented endoglucanase and xylanase activities. Sheep were fed a mixed grass hay:concentrate (70:30; fresh matter basis) diet at a daily rate of 60 g/kg body weight 0.75. Concentrations of NH3-N and volatile fatty acids (VFA) and enzymatic activities were determined in ruminal samples at 0, 4 and 8 h after feeding. Samples of the grass hay were incubated in situ in the rumen of each sheep to measure dry matter (DM) and neutral detergent fibre (NDF) degradation. ENZ treatment did not affect (P>0.05) ruminal pH or concentrations of NH3-N and total VFA at any sampling time. In contrast, at 0 and 4 h after feeding, molar proportion of propionate tended (P<0.10) to be greater and acetate:propionate ratio tended (P<0.10) to be lower in ENZ-supplemented sheep. No effects of ENZ (P>0.10) were detected 8 h after feeding. Both the ruminally insoluble potentially degradable fraction (b) of grass hay DM and its fractional rate of degradation (c) were increased (P<0.05) by ENZ treatment. Supplementation with ENZ also increased (P=0.009 to 0.023) effective and potential degradability of grass hay DM and NDF. Ruminal fluid endoglucanase and xylanase activities were greater (P<0.05) at 4 h post-feeding in ENZ-supplementd sheep than in control animals. ENZ supplementation did not affecf (P=0.151 to 0,815) either exoglucanase or amylase activity at any sampling time.The authors wish to acknowledge the financial support received from the M.C.Y.T. of Spain (Proyect AGL2001-0130) and Junta de Castilla y León (LE040A05). L. A. Giraldo gratefully acknowledges receipt of a grant from the Fundación Carolina.Peer reviewe

Treatment of tropical forages with exogenous fibrolytiic enzymes: effects on chemical composition and in vitro rumen fermentation

The effects of three treatments of fibrolytic enzymes (cellulase from Trichoderma longibrachiatum (CEL), xylanase from rumen micro-organisms (XYL) and a 1:1 mixture of CEL and XYL (MIX) on the in vitro fermentation of two samples of Pennisetum clandestinum (P1 and P2), two samples of Dichanthium aristatum (D1 and D2) and one sample of each Acacia decurrens and Acacia mangium (A1 and A2) were investigated. The first experiment compared the effects of two methods of applying the enzymes to forages, either at the time of incubation or 24 h before, on the in vitro gas production. In general, the 24 h pre-treatment resulted in higher values of gas production rate, and this application method was chosen for a second study investigating the effects of enzymes on chemical composition and in vitro fermentation of forages. The pre-treatment with CEL for 24 h reduced (p < 0.05) the content of neutral detergent fibre (NDF) of P1, P2, D1 and D2, and that of MIX reduced the NDF content of P1 and D1, but XYL had no effect on any forage. The CEL treatment increased (p < 0.05) total volatile fatty acid (VFA) production for all forages (ranging from 8.6% to 22.7%), but in general, no effects of MIX and XYL were observed. For both P. clandestinum samples, CEL treatment reduced (p < 0.05) the molar proportion of acetate and increased (p < 0.05) that of butyrate, but only subtle changes in VFA profile were observed for the rest of forages. Under the conditions of the present experiment, the treatment of tropical forages with CEL stimulated their in vitro ruminal fermentation, but XYL did not produce any positive effect. These results showed clearly that effectiveness of enzymes varied with the incubated forage and further study is warranted to investigate specific, optimal enzyme-substrate combinations

The influence of diet on the effectiveness of garlic oil and cinnamaldehyde to manipulate in vitro ruminal fermentation and methane production.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of increasing doses [0 (control: CON), 20, 60, 180 and 540 mg/L incubation medium] of garlic oil (GO) and cinnamaldehyde (CIN) on in vitro ruminal fermentation of two diets. Batch cultures of mixed ruminal microorganisms were inoculated with ruminal fluid from four sheep fed a medium-concentrate diet (MC; 50 : 50 alfalfa hay : concentrate) or four sheep fed a high-concentrate diet (HC; 15 : 85 barley straw : concentrate). Diets MC and HC were representative of those fed to dairy and fattening ruminants, respectively. Samples of each diet were used as incubation substrates for the corresponding inoculum, and the incubation was repeated on 4 different days (four replicates per experimental treatment). There were GO × diet-type and CIN × diet-type interactions (P 0.05) total volatile fatty acid (VFA) production at any dose. For MC diet, GO at 60, 180 and 540 mg/L decreased (P 0.05) on butyrate proportion were detected. Methane/VFA ratio was reduced (P < 0.05) by GO at 60, 180 and 540 mg/L for MC diet (0.23, 0.16 and 0.10 mol/mol, respectively), and by GO at 20, 60, 180 and 540 mg/L for HC diet (0.19, 0.19, 0.16 and 0.08 mol/mol, respectively), compared with CON (0.26 and 0.21 mol/mol for MC and HC diets, respectively). No effects (P = 0.16–0.85) of GO on final pH and concentrations of NH3-N and lactate were detected. For both diet types, the highest CIN dose decreased (P < 0.05) production of total VFA, gas and methane, which would indicate an inhibition of fermentation. Compared with CON, CIN at 180 mg/L increased (P < 0.05) acetate proportion for the MC (629 and 644 mmol/mol total VFA for CON and CIN, respectively) and HC (525 and 540 mmol/mol total VFA, respectively) diets, without affecting the proportions of any other VFA or total VFA production. Whereas for MC diet CIN at 60 and 180 mg/L decreased (P < 0.05) NH3-N concentrations compared with CON, only a trend (P < 0.10) was observed for CIN at 180 mg/L with the HC diet. Supplementation of CIN up to 180 mg/L did not affect (P = 0.18–0.99) lactate concentrations and production of gas and methane for any diet. The results show that effectiveness of GO and CIN to modify ruminal fermentation may depend on diet type, which would have practical implications if they are confirmed in vivo

Yield and nutritive value for ruminants of organic Winter cereals-bard vetch intercrops

Organic livestock in the European Union must be fed with organic feed, and forage should be at least 60% of the diet of herbivorous animals. However, the productivity of crops in organic farming is frequently lower than that in conventional farming, and organic cultivation of winter cereals often reduces forage CP content. Intercropping of winter cereals with legumes can provide both higher forage yield and quality compared with winter cereal monocultures, but the results may differ with cultivation conditions

Nutritive value for ruminants of winter oats-legume intercrops in organic cultivation

Winter oats were grown according to European organic farming regulations in monoculture (oats) and in intercropping with bard vetch (BAV), bitter vetch (BIV) or both legumes (MIX) to evaluate the effects of intercropping on forage yield and nutritive value for ruminants. The experiment was carried out as a randomised complete block design with four replications, and whole forage samples were obtained at two harvest dates (June and July). For both harvest times, all intercrops increased (P < 0.05) forage yield compared with oats, but forage crude protein content was only increased (P < 0.05) for BAV and MIX. Compared with oats, intercropping with BAV increased (P < 0.05) in vitro rate of gas production and total volatile fatty acid production, indicating a higher rate and extent of rumen degradation of BAV forage. In contrast, BIV forage harvested in June had lower (P < 0.05) rate of gas production and total volatile fatty acid production than June oats, but in general no differences in the in vitro rumen fermentation were detected between oats and BIV samples harvested in July. The results indicate that forage yield and quality can be enhanced by intercropping oats with BAV; however, intercropping with BIV increased yield but decreased nutritive value of the forage

Potencial del aceite de ajo para reducir la producción de metano en el rumen: estudios in vitro

1 página.-- Póster presentado al primer Workshop sobre mitigación de emisión de gases de efecto invernadero provenientes del sector agroforestal (Bilbao, España, 8 al 9 de Marzo, 2012).Varios estudios han mostrado el potencial del aceite de ajo (AA) para reducir la producción de metano en el rumen, pero los resultados han sido variables. Nuestra hipótesis de trabajo fue que los efectos del AA sobre la fermentación ruminal in vitro pueden variar con la dieta incubada y el tiempo de administración Por ello, el objetivo de estos estudios fue analizar los efectos de diferentes dosis de AA sobre la fermentación in vitro de dos dietas tras 16 h de incubación en cultivos no renovados de microorganismos ruminales (CNRMR) o tras 11 días de incubación en fermentadores Rusitec.Este trabajo forma parte de los Proyectos AGL2008-04707-C02-02 y la Acción Integrada AIB2010NZ-00190, financiados por el MICINN.Peer reviewe

Evolution of fermentation parameters in Rusitec fermenters operated at different dilution rates and concentrate retention times

Martínez M.E., Ranilla M.J., Ramos S., Tejido M.L., Carro M.D. Evolution of fermentation parameters in Rusitec fermenters operated at different dilution rates and concentrate retention times. In : Ranilla M.J. (ed.), Carro M.D. (ed.), Ben Salem H. (ed.), Morand-Fehr P. (ed.). Challenging strategies to promote the sheep and goat sector in the current global context. Zaragoza : CIHEAM / CSIC / Universidad de León / FAO, 2011. p. 121-126. (Options Méditerranéennes : Série A. Séminaires Méditerranéens; n. 99). 13. International Seminar of the Sub-Network on Nutrition of the FAO-CIHEAM Inter-Regional Cooperative Research and Development Network on Sheep and Goats, 2009/10/14-16, León (Spain). http://om.ciheam.org/om/pdf/a99/00801545.pdf6 páginas, 3 tablas.One 14-d incubation trial was carried out using 16 Rusitec fermenters to investigate the evolution of fermentation parameters with incubation day (ID) when fermenters were operated at different dilution rate (DR) and concentrate retention time (RT). The fermenters were fed a 30:70 alfalfa hay:concentrate diet, and the DR were 3.78 (LDR) and 5.42 percent/h (HDR). The concentrate RT was either 24 (T24) or 48 h (T48), and forage RT was 48 h in all fermenters. Significant ID x DR and ID x RT interactions (P<0.05) were observed for all the measured parameters with the exception of molar proportions of acetate. In general, fermenters operated at the HDR became stabilized before than LDR fermenters. Under the conditions of this study, 6 days were enough to reach steady values for most of the measured parameters.Peer Reviewe

Évolution des protozoaires dans des fermenteurs Rusitec alimentés avec des régimes ayant différents rapports fourrage : concentré et différents types de fourrages

6 páginas, 4 tablas.-- Contributed to: 13. International Seminar of the FAO-CIHEAM Sub-Network on Sheep and Goat Nutrition: Challenging strategies to promote the sheep and goat sector in the current global context (León, Spain, oct 14-16, 2009 2009/10/14-16, León (Spain)).The aim of this study was to investigate the evolution of protozoa numbers over 14 days in 16 Rusitec fermenters fed four different diets. The diets had forage:concentrate (F:C;dry matter (DM) basis) ratios of 70:30 (HF) or 30:70 (HC) with either alfalfa hay (A) or grass hay (G) as forage. Ruminal inoculum from sheep fed the same diets was used to inoculate the fermenters on day 0. Retention time for forage and concentrate was 48 and 24 h, respectively, and dilution rate was preset at 5.14% per h. Total protozoa numbers declined rapidly from the first day after inoculation, but they were present on day 14 in all fermenters at concentrations which ranged from 3.30 to 8.52 x 103 / ml. Only Entodiniinae were able to grow in HC-fed fermenters by the end of the trial, but Entodiniinae, Isotrichidae and Diplodiniinae were maintained in fermenters receiving HF diets. The disappearance of Isotrichidae and Diplodiniinae from HC-fed fermenters was attributed to low pH values. Ophryoscolecinae disappeared completely from all fermenters by day 6 of incubation. In general, greater protozoa numbers were observed in the fermenters fed diets containing G compared with those fed A diets. Our results indicate that protozoa could not be maintained at numbers similar to those in the rumen, but responses to changes in F:C ratio in the diet were similar to those observed in vivo.The authors wish to acknowledge the financial support received from the MCYT of Spain (project AGL2004-04755-C02-01) and the Consejería de Educación de la Junta de Castilla y León (Ref. GR158). M.E. Martínez and S. Ramos gratefully acknowledge the receipt of scholarships from the MEC. of Spain (AP2005-1797 and BES-2005-6842).Peer Reviewe

Use of low-cereal concentrates in sheep feeding

5 páginas, 2 tablas.-- XXXV Jornadas Científicas de la Sociedad Española de Ovinotecnia y Caprinotecnia (Valladolid, España, 22 al 24 de septiembre de 2010)[EN] Six ruminally and duodenally cannulated sheep were used in a partially replicated 4 x 4 Latin square to evaluate the effects of forage to concentrate ratio (F:C) and type of forage on diet digestibility, ruminal fermentation, microbial protein synthesis and N balance. The experimental diets had F:C of either 70:30 (FA) or 30:70 (CA) with alfalfa hay or grass hay as forage. CA diets resulted in greater (P<0.001) total tract apparent organic matter digestibility compared with FA diets, but in lower (P=0.02) acid detergent fibre digestibility. Compared with sheep fed FA diets, sheep receiving CA diets had lower (P<0.001) ruminal pH values and greater ammonia-N concentrations (P<0.001). Retained N ranged from 29 to 39% of N intake and was not affected by F:C (P=0.62) or the type of forage (P=0.31). Microbial N synthesis and its efficiency were greater (P≤0.001) for CA diets compared with FA diets. The results indicate that concentrates with low cereal content can be included in the diet of sheep up to 70% of the diet without detrimental effects on ruminal activity, microbial synthesis efficiency, and N losses.[ES] Seis ovejas provistas de cánulas ruminales y duodenales se utilizaron en un diseño en cuadrado latino parcialmente replicado para evaluar el efecto de la relación forraje:concentrado (F:C) y del tipo de forraje de la dieta sobre la digestibilidad, la fermentación ruminal, la síntesis de proteína microbiana y el balance de N cuando los animales consumían un concentrado bajo en cereales. Las 4 dietas experimentales consistieron en una mezcla de forraje:concentrado 70:30 (FA) o 30:70 (CA), siendo el forraje heno de alfalfa o heno de gramíneas. Las dietas CA produjeron una mayor (P<0,001) digestibilidad de la materia orgánica que las dietas FA, pero una menor (P=0,02) digestibilidad de la fibra ácido detergente. Las dietas CA redujeron (P<0,001) el pH ruminal, pero aumentaron las concentraciones ruminales de N amoniacal (P<0,001). La proporción de N retenido osciló entre el 29 y el 39% del N ingerido, y no se vio afectado por F:C (P=0,62) ni por el tipo de forraje (P=0,31). La síntesis de proteína microbiana y su eficiencia fueron mayores (P≤0,001) cuando las ovejas recibieron las dietas CA que cuando consumieron las dietas FA. Los resultados indican que en el ganado ovino se pueden incluir hasta un 70% de concentrados con una baja proporción de cereales sin provocar efectos negativos sobre la fermentación ruminal, la eficiencia de la síntesis de proteína microbiana o las pérdidas nitrogenadas.El presente trabajo ha sido financiado por la C.I.C.Y.T. (Proyecto AGL2004-04755-C02-01).Peer reviewe