A Survey of mid and large bodied mammals in Núcleo Caraguatatuba, Serra do Mar State Park, Brazil

Nós aplicamos técnicas de amostragem complementares para obter uma lista de espécies de mamíferos de médio e grande porte no Núcleo Caraguatatuba, Parque Estadual da Serra do Mar, Brasil. As amostragens de campo realizaram-se nos meses de Maio e Setembro de 2011. Utilizou-se, censo ao longo de transectos (212,4 km), armadilhas fotográficas (223,2 armadilhas-dias) e armadilhas de pegadas (478 armadilhas-dias). Foram obtidos registros de 18 espécies, pertencentes a 14 famílias e oito ordens. Nós registramos a presença de sete espécies consideradas ameaçadas no Estado de São Paulo, incluindo primatas (Brachyteles arachnoides), Artiodactyla (Mazama americana e Tayassu pecari), Carnivora (Leopardus pardalis, Leopardus tigrinus e Puma concolor) e Perissodactyla (Tapirus terrestris). Com base em numa extrapolação da riqueza de espécies (First order jackknife) nós prevemos que existem entre 19 e 32 espécies de mamíferos de médio e grande porte no Núcleo. Nosso Mammal Priority Index classificou o Núcleo Caraguatatuba como uma área de importância média para a conservação de mamíferos de médio e grande porte na Mata Atlântica. Combinado com o número e a diversidade de espécies registradas, nossos resultados demonstram que este Núcleo é uma área importante para a conservação de mamíferos no Estado.We applied complementary survey techniques to obtain a baseline species list of mid and large bodied mammals in Núcleo Caraguatatuba, Serra do Mar State park, Brazil. Between May and September 2011 we surveyed the community of mid and large bodied mammals using diurnal line transect census (212.4 km), camera-traps (223.2 camera-trap days) and track-stations (478 track-station days). A total of 18 species were recorded from 14 families in eight orders. We recorded the presence of seven species considered threatened in the State of São Paulo, including Primates (Brachyteles arachnoides), Artiodactyla (Mazama cf. americana and Tayassu pecari), Carnivora (Leopardus pardalis, Leopardus tigrinus and Puma concolor) and Perissodactyla (Tapirus terrestris). Based on extrapolated (First order jackknife) species richness estimates we predict that there are between 19 and 32 species of mid and large bodied mammals in the Núcleo. Our revised Mammal Priority Index ranked Núcleo Caraguatatuba as being of medium overall importance for the conservation of mid and large bodied mammals in the Atlantic Forest. Combined with the number and diversity of species recorded, our results demonstrate that this Núcleo is an important area for mammal conservation

Reducing the environmental impact of surgery on a global scale: systematic review and co-prioritization with healthcare workers in 132 countries

Background Healthcare cannot achieve net-zero carbon without addressing operating theatres. The aim of this study was to prioritize feasible interventions to reduce the environmental impact of operating theatres. Methods This study adopted a four-phase Delphi consensus co-prioritization methodology. In phase 1, a systematic review of published interventions and global consultation of perioperative healthcare professionals were used to longlist interventions. In phase 2, iterative thematic analysis consolidated comparable interventions into a shortlist. In phase 3, the shortlist was co-prioritized based on patient and clinician views on acceptability, feasibility, and safety. In phase 4, ranked lists of interventions were presented by their relevance to high-income countries and low–middle-income countries. Results In phase 1, 43 interventions were identified, which had low uptake in practice according to 3042 professionals globally. In phase 2, a shortlist of 15 intervention domains was generated. In phase 3, interventions were deemed acceptable for more than 90 per cent of patients except for reducing general anaesthesia (84 per cent) and re-sterilization of ‘single-use’ consumables (86 per cent). In phase 4, the top three shortlisted interventions for high-income countries were: introducing recycling; reducing use of anaesthetic gases; and appropriate clinical waste processing. In phase 4, the top three shortlisted interventions for low–middle-income countries were: introducing reusable surgical devices; reducing use of consumables; and reducing the use of general anaesthesia. Conclusion This is a step toward environmentally sustainable operating environments with actionable interventions applicable to both high– and low–middle–income countries

Efeito da casca de mandioca sobre a qualidade da carne e parâmetros ruminais de ovinos

This work evaluated different forms of processing of cassava peel for use in sheep feeding and its effects upon composition, meat quality, lipid profile and rumen morphometrics. A total of 20 weaned Santa Inês male sheeps, with initial weight 19.02±0.21 kg, were used. The fac- torial scheme utilized was a completely randomized design, with 4 treatments (A: supplement with dehydrated cassava peel ground, using a 12 mm sieve; B: supplement with dehydrated cassava peel ground using a 5 mm sieve; C: supplement with ensiled cassava peel; D: supplement with hydrolyzed cassava peel). Each animal was considered a replication, with 5 replications per treatment. The animals were reared in semiexten- sive system, on Brachiaria decumbens pasture. Treatments were supplied as supplement at proportion of 1.5 % of live weight (ratio roughage: concentrate of 62.5:37.5 %), amounts of food were adjusted, every week, according to the animals' weight. The experiment lasted 84 days, including 14 days for adaptation to the diets. Animals were slaughtered at 30.72±1.46 kg final weight; after slaughter and cooling (24 hours at ±2 oC), samples of Longissimus lumborum muscle were collected to carry out the physicochemical analyses, and establish lipid profile. There were no significant differences for ashes, moisture and protein. The animals fed supplement with hydrolyzed cassava peel, presented higher values for ether extract. The fatty acid profile was not affected by processing type of cassava peels. The histological evaluation revealed alteration in the rumen epithelium and area of the omasal lamina, with higher values for coarsely ground cassava peel supplement. No influence of the supplements was found for physicochemical composition. The different supplements were not enough to alter the meat quality parameters, however, hydrolyzed cassava peel brought about increased accumulation of lipids in the muscle.Objetivou-se com este trabalho, avaliar dife- rentes formas de processamento da casca de mandioca para uso na alimentação de ovinos e seus efeitos sobre a composição centesimal, qualidade de carne, perfil lipídico e morfometria ruminal. Para o experimento foram utilizados um total de 20 ovinos machos da raça Santa Inês desmamados com peso inicial 19,02±0,21 kg. O esquema fatorial utilizado foi um DIC (delineamento inteiramente casualizado), sendo 4 tratamentos (tratamento A: suplemento com casca de mandio- ca desidratada triturada em moinho com peneira de 12 mm; tratamento B: suplemento com casca de mandioca desidratada triturada em moinho com peneira de 5 mm; tratamento C: suplemento com casca de mandioca ensilada; tratamento D: suple- mento com casca de mandioca hidrolisada), cada animal foi considerado uma repetição, totalizando 5 repetições por tratamento. Os animais foram criados em sistema semiextensivo, em pastagem de Brachiaria decumbens e o fornecimento dos tratamentos na forma de suplemento na proporção de 1,5 % do peso vivo (relação volumoso:concen- trado de 62,5:37,5 %), sendo a quantidade corrigida semanalmente em função do peso dos animais. O experimento teve duração de 84 dias, incluindo o período de 14 dias de adaptação às dietas e os animais foram abatidos com peso final de 30,72±1,46 kg, sendo coletado após abate e res- friamento (24 horas à ±2 oC), amostras do músculo Longissimus lumborum para realização das análises físico-químicas e do perfil lipídico. Os resultados mostraram que não houve diferença significativa para as cinzas, umidade e proteína. Os animais que receberam suplemento com casca de mandioca hidrolisada apresentaram maiores valores de extrato etéreo. Não foi verificado modificação do perfil de ácidos graxos em virtude do processamento da casca de mandioca. A avaliação histológica revelou alteração no epitélio do rúmen e área da lâmina do omaso, com maiores valores no suplemento com uso da casca de mandioca moída grosseiramente. Para as variáveis da composição físico-químicas não foram verifi- cadas influência dos suplementos. Os diferentes suplementos não foram suficientes para alterar os parâmetros de qualidade de carne, entretanto, a casca de mandioca hidrolisada ocasionou maior acúmulo de lipídeos no músculo