Gap Analysis Report

Julkaistu versi

Is Human Security a Relevant Concept in the Context of Climate Change Adaptation Policies?

This paper analyses the relevance of the concept of human security for the purpose of climate adaptation policies. The starting point of this inquiry is recent high-level debates and reports framing climate change as a security issue. One way in which climate change can be considered a ‘security risk’ is that its impacts are expected to undermine human security if adaptation measures are not taken. There is ample evidence that climate change poses threats to human security (e.g. water-related, economic, health, physical) from which it is necessary to protect individuals. However, the use and usefulness of the concept of human security for climate adaptation policy-making are much less apparent. This paper discusses the role of the human security concept in adaptation policies from an empirical and normative point of view. It examines its role in high-level discourse (e.g. in national foreign policy statements or at the UN general assembly) as well as in national adaptation policies. The paper is based, inter alia, on case studies that included over 70 in-depth, qualitative interviews with policy-makers and experts in four MMES (Mediterranean, Middle East and Sahel) countries (Ethiopia, Israel, Morocco and the occupied Palestinian territory (oPT)) as well as at EU and UN level

Intellectual Property Rights on Genetic Resources and the Fight Against Poverty

The developmental impact of intellectual property rights (IPRs) on genetic resources (GR) and associated traditional knowledge (TK) has been intensely discussed internationally for more than a decade. In this respect, plant GR for food and agriculture, GR for health as well as the related rights of indigenous and local communities possess particular importance for poverty reduction. The EU can play an important role in advancing regulatory action in this field that enhances the effectiveness of the fight against poverty, both domestically and at the international level. The 2010 Nagoya Protocol to the Convention on Biological Diversity that addresses “biopiracy” related to GR/TK is awaiting ratification and full and effective implementation, which will, inter alia, require capacity building especially for least developed countries. Another important contribution to combating biopiracy would be the establishment of a requirement to disclose in patent applications the source of any GR/TK used, as currently under negotiation in the World Trade Organisation and the World Intellectual Property Organisation. The rights of indigenous and local communities, especially with respect to their TK, deserve particular protection both in the EU and internationally, to be designed in consultation with these communities. IPRs on seeds and medicines should not be allowed to compromise the human rights to food and health. There is a need for advancing research and development on seeds and medicines that are targeted at low-income populations in developing countries