11,367 research outputs found
Profiling the Effects of the Tumor Associated Mononuclear Phagocyte System on Systemic Clearance, Tumor Delivery, and Efficacy of Nanoparticle Agents
The goal of this honors project was to compare the pharmacokinetics and efficacy of PLD to small molecule doxorubicin in two xenograft mouse models, one endometrial (i.e. HEC1A) and one ovarian (i.e. SKOV-3), with differing TAM densities as measured by H Score analysis. PLD concentrations were measured separately for drug still within the liposomal carrier (i.e. encapsulated) and drug released from the liposomal carrier (i.e. released). It is important to note that encapsulated drug is pharmacologically inactive and possesses the PK properties of the carrier molecule, while released drug is active and possesses the PK properties of the small molecule agent.Doctor of Pharmac
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Beyond Critical Period Learning: Striatal FoxP2 Affects the Active Maintenance of Learned Vocalizations in Adulthood.
In humans, mutations in the transcription factor forkhead box P2 (FOXP2) result in language disorders associated with altered striatal structure. Like speech, birdsong is learned through social interactions during maturational critical periods, and it relies on auditory feedback during initial learning and on-going maintenance. Hearing loss causes learned vocalizations to deteriorate in adult humans and songbirds. In the adult songbird brain, most FoxP2-enriched regions (e.g., cortex, thalamus) show a static expression level, but in the striatal song control nucleus, area X, FoxP2 is regulated by singing and social context: when juveniles and adults sing alone, its levels drop, and songs are more variable. When males sing to females, FoxP2 levels remain high, and songs are relatively stable: this "on-line" regulation implicates FoxP2 in ongoing vocal processes, but its role in the auditory-based maintenance of learned vocalization has not been examined. To test this, we overexpressed FoxP2 in both hearing and deafened adult zebra finches and assessed effects on song sung alone versus songs directed to females. In intact birds singing alone, no changes were detected between songs of males expressing FoxP2 or a GFP construct in area X, consistent with the marked stability of mature song in this species. In contrast, songs of males overexpressing FoxP2 became more variable and were less preferable to females, unlike responses to songs of GFP-expressing control males. In deafened birds, song deteriorated more rapidly following FoxP2 overexpression relative to GFP controls. Together, these experiments suggest that behavior-driven FoxP2 expression and auditory feedback interact to precisely maintain learned vocalizations
The diffuse neutrino flux from the inner Galaxy: constraints from very high energy gamma-ray observations
Recently, the MILAGRO collaboration reported on the detection of a diffuse
multi-TeV emission from a region of the Galactic disk close to the inner
Galaxy. The emission is in excess of what is predicted by conventional models
for cosmic ray propagation, which are tuned to reproduce the spectrum of cosmic
rays observed locally. By assuming that the excess detected by MILAGRO is of
hadronic origin and that it is representative for the whole inner Galactic
region, we estimate the expected diffuse flux of neutrinos from a region of the
Galactic disk with coordinates . Our estimate has
to be considered as the maximal expected neutrino flux compatible with all the
available gamma ray data, since any leptonic contribution to the observed
gamma-ray emission would lower the neutrino flux. The diffuse flux of
neutrinos, if close to the maximum allowed level, may be detected by a
km--scale detector located in the northern hemisphere. A detection would
unambiguously reveal the hadronic origin of the diffuse gamma-ray emission.Comment: submitted to Astroparticle Physic
A Trichomycete-like Fossil from the Triassic of Antarctica
No abstract is available for this item
Palaeofibulus Gen. nov., a Clamp-Bearing Fungus from the Triassic of Antarctica
No abstract is available for this item
Reconstructing baryon oscillations
The baryon acoustic oscillation (BAO) method for constraining the expansion
history is adversely affected by non-linear structure formation, which washes
out the correlation function peak created at decoupling. To increase the
constraining power of low z BAO experiments, it has been proposed that one use
the observed distribution of galaxies to "reconstruct'' the acoustic peak.
Recently Padmanabhan, White and Cohn provided an analytic formalism for
understanding how reconstruction works within the context of Lagrangian
perturbation theory. We extend that formalism to include the case of biased
tracers of the mass and, because the quantitative validity of LPT is
questionable, we investigate reconstruction in N-body simulations. We find that
LPT does a good job of explaining the trends seen in simulations for both the
mass and for biased tracers and comment upon the implications this has for
reconstruction.Comment: 9 pages, 8 figure
Magnetic Fields in the 3C 129 Cluster
We present multi-frequency VLA observations of the two radio galaxies 3C 129
and 3C 129.1 embedded in a luminous X-ray cluster. These radio observations
reveal a substantial difference in the Faraday Rotation Measures (RMs) toward
3C 129.1 at the cluster center and 3C 129 at the cluster periphery. After
deriving the density profile from available X-ray data, we find that the RM
structure of both radio galaxies can be fit by a tangled cluster magnetic field
with strength 6 microGauss extending at least 3 core radii (450 kpc) from the
cluster center. The magnetic field makes up a small contribution to the total
pressure (5%) in the central regions of the cluster. The radio morphology of 3C
129.1 appears disturbed on the southern side, perhaps by the higher pressure
environment. In contrast with earlier claims for the presence of a moderately
strong cooling flow in the 3C 129 cluster, our analysis of the X-ray data
places a limit on the mass deposition rate from any such flow of <1.2 Msun/yr.Comment: in press at MNRA
Recommendations for Practitioners Engaged in Antitrafficking Task Forces: An Evalaution of the Enhanced Collaborative Model Task Forces to Combat Human Trafficking
The Enhanced Collaborative Model (ECM) Task Force to Combat Human Trafficking Program funded task forces comprised of law enforcement officials, prosecutors, victim service providers, and other stakeholders at the local, state, and federal levels. This brief details recommendations from the Urban Institute's 10-site evaluation of ECM task forces across the United States. Recommendations were derived from the findings of our analysis and directly from task force stakeholders' responses to interview questions about task force recommendations and best practices. Respondents summarized recommendations across four categories including structure, operation, and funding of ECM task forces; collaboration among stakeholders; survivor engagement and service provision; and task force training, focus, and activities
Localized soft elasticity in liquid crystal elastomers.
This is the final version of the article. It first appeared from Nature Publishing Group via http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ncomms10781Synthetic approaches to prepare designer materials that localize deformation, by combining rigidity and compliance in a single material, have been widely sought. Bottom-up approaches, such as the self-organization of liquid crystals, offer potential advantages over top-down patterning methods such as photolithographic control of crosslink density, relating to the ease of preparation and fidelity of resolution. Here, we report on the directed self-assembly of materials with spatial and hierarchical variation in mechanical anisotropy. The highly nonlinear mechanical properties of the liquid crystalline elastomers examined here enables strain to be locally reduced >15-fold without introducing compositional variation or other heterogeneities. Each domain (⩾0.01 mm(2)) exhibits anisotropic nonlinear response to load based on the alignment of the molecular orientation with the loading axis. Accordingly, we design monoliths that localize deformation in uniaxial and biaxial tension, shear, bending and crack propagation, and subsequently demonstrate substrates for globally deformable yet locally stiff electronics.T.H.W., A.F.S. and T.J.W. would like to acknowledge financial support from the Materials and Manufacturing Directorate and the Office of Scientific Research of the Air Force Research Laboratory
Low-Mass Star Formation, Triggered by Supernova in Primordial Clouds
The evolution of a gas shell, swept by the supernova remnant of a massive
first generation star, is studied with H_2 and HD chemistry taken into account.
When a first-generation star explodes as a supernova, H_2 and HD molecules are
formed in the swept gas shell and effectively cool the gas shell to
temperatures of 32 K - 154 K. If the supernova remnant can sweep to gather the
ambient gas, the gas shell comes to be dominated by its self-gravity, and
hence, is expected to fragment. Our result shows that for a reasonable range of
temperatures (200 K - 1000 K) of interstellar gas, the formation of
second-generation stars can be triggered by a single supernova or hypernova.Comment: 38pages, 10 figures, The Astrophysical Journal, accepted 8 Dec. 200
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