The Eimeria species affecting brown kiwi : host-parasite interactions and conservation implications : a thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Conservation Biology at Massey University, Manawatu, New Zealand

This thesis comprises published works. Due to copyright restriction they are not included here but can be accessed from the publisher: Taylor H. S, Morgan, K. J., Pomroy, W. E., McInnes, K., & Lopez-Villalobos, N. (2018, September 1). The circadian variation of oocyst shedding of Eimeria spp. affecting brown kiwi (Apteryx mantelli). Parasitology Research, 117(9), 2997-3001. doi:10.1007/s00436-018-5945-0 Taylor H. S, Morgan, K. J., Pomroy, W. E., & McInnes, K. (2019, March 1). Apparent lack of efficacy of toltrazuril against Eimeria species affecting brown kiwi (Apteryx mantelli) at a captive rearing facility. New Zealand Veterinary Journal, 67(2), 101-104. doi:10.1080/00480169.2018.1541425Brown kiwi (Apteryx mantelli) are a threatened flightless nocturnal ratite endemic to New Zealand. The conservation of this species currently utilises a recovery programme known as ‘Operation Nest Egg’ (ONE) to increase numbers of brown kiwi in the wild. However, ONE results in a high density of immunologically naïve kiwi being housed in semi-captive conditions with the potential to result in significant morbidity, and occasionally mortality, from coccidiosis caused by multiple species of Eimeria. The aim of this research was to describe any circadian variation in oocyst shedding occurring for the Eimeria spp. affecting brown kiwi. Dropping samples were collected from brown kiwi at an ONE site using video surveillance to determine the time of excrement. Oocyst counts were carried out on these droppings and analysed in relation to the time of excrement and the days since the most recent toltrazuril application. The results show that two of the Eimeria spp. affecting brown kiwi exhibit circadian variation in oocysts shedding. Oocyst counts for each of the one hour time slots starting at 3am, 4am, 5am and 6am were significantly (p<0.05) higher than each of the time slots starting at 8pm, 9pm, 10pm and 11pm. This indicates that peak oocyst shedding occurs between 3am and 7am, with few or no oocysts shed between 8pm and 12pm. The results also suggest high prevalence and abundance of Eimeria spp. oocysts in the droppings, with 91% of samples from during peak shedding being positive for Eimeria spp., despite recent toltrazuril administration. These findings have several important implications for the conservation of brown kiwi. The reported circadian variation may affect the accuracy of coccidia testing and provides insight into the evolution of this adaptive trait in coccidia. The apparent lack of efficacy of toltrazuril may have management implications and requires further research. The results of this research increase our understanding of the biology of the Eimeria spp. affecting brown kiwi. Continuing to improve our understanding of host-parasite interactions is vital to enable effective disease management in order to reduce the detrimental impact of coccidia on ONE and ensure the ongoing success and sustainability of this important conservation programme

Central and local government and the provision of municipal medicine, 1919-39

This article examines the relationship between central and local government - and specifically the County Boroughs - in interwar England and Wales with respect to the provision of municipal health services. It is argued that this relationship was complex, with different local authorities being compliant to a greater or lesser degree with the aspirations of the Ministry of Health. The latter, it is further suggested, started off its life as a relatively dynamic, well-run and farsighted part of central government, but for a range of reasons lost authority and influence as the interwar era progressed. This was not helped by the limited powers the Ministry held. The local authorities, meanwhile, differed widely in their aspirations for municipally-provided health care. Some were reluctant to do much, others had ambitions somewhat in advance of those of the Ministry of Health. What did unite local authorities was their collective desire to preserve the longstanding tradition of a high degree of local independence. As is also shown, specifically local factors and personnel - for example the political dynamics of the council or the standing of the Medical Officer of Health - could significantly shape a County Borough's approach to health care. The article thus contributes to the history of English and Welsh local government and, especially, to the relatively neglected period in the history of the health services which falls between the demise of the Poor Law and the coming of the National Health Service

Efficient tilings of de Bruijn and Kautz graphs

Kautz and de Bruijn graphs have a high degree of connectivity which makes them ideal candidates for massively parallel computer network topologies. In order to realize a practical computer architecture based on these graphs, it is useful to have a means of constructing a large-scale system from smaller, simpler modules. In this paper we consider the mathematical problem of uniformly tiling a de Bruijn or Kautz graph. This can be viewed as a generalization of the graph bisection problem. We focus on the problem of graph tilings by a set of identical subgraphs. Tiles should contain a maximal number of internal edges so as to minimize the number of edges connecting distinct tiles. We find necessary and sufficient conditions for the construction of tilings. We derive a simple lower bound on the number of edges which must leave each tile, and construct a class of tilings whose number of edges leaving each tile agrees asymptotically in form with the lower bound to within a constant factor. These tilings make possible the construction of large-scale computing systems based on de Bruijn and Kautz graph topologies.Comment: 29 pages, 11 figure

Methods of resistance estimation in permanent magnet synchronous motors for real-time thermal management

Real-time thermal management of electrical ma- chines relies on sufficiently accurate indicators of internal tem- perature. One indicator of temperature in a permanent-magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) is the stator winding resistance. Detection of PMSM winding resistance in the literature has been made on machines with relatively high resistances, where the resistive voltage vector is significant under load. This paper describes two techniques which can be applied to detect the winding resistance, through ‘Fixed Angle’ and ‘Fixed Mag- nitude’ current injection. Two further methods are described which discriminate injected current and voltages from motoring currents and voltages: ‘Unipolar’ and ‘Bipolar’ separation. These enable the resistance to be determined, and hence the winding temperature in permanent-magnet machines. These methods can be applied under load, and in a manner that does not disturb motor torque or speed. The method distinguishes between changes in the electro-motive force (EMF) constant and the resistive voltage. This paper introduces the techniques, whilst a companion paper covers the application of one of the methods to a PMSM drive system

Ecotourism and Economic Growth in the Galapagos: An Island Economy-wide Analysis

This paper raises questions about the compatibility of "ecotourism and conservation in the unique environment of the Galapagos Islands. It updates a 1999 economy-wide analysis that predicted that increases in tourism would result in rapid economic as well as demographic growth on the islands. The following six years witnessed sharp growth in tourism; a restructuring of tourism around larger cruise ships and new, larger hotels; and rapid population growth. Our findings indicate that total income (that is, the gross domestic product) of the Galapagos increased by an estimated 78% between 1999 and 2005, placing Galapagos among the fastest growing economies in the world. Tourism continues to be far and away the major driver of economic growth; however, new injections of all sorts of spending, including by government, commercial fishing, and conservation agencies, have had a multiplier effect on income in the Galapagos economy, and as a result, on population growth, via uncontrolled immigration that is theoretically prohibited by the Special Law of the Galapagos to prevent ecological harm to the islands. Further, immigration has diminished the effect of economic growth on household income, creating political pressure to find even more economic development options for Galapagos residents, including commercial fishing. The linkage between economic growth, led by tourism or any other sector, and environmental protection of the Galapagos should be taken seriously when designing and implementing economic development and conservation programs.Resource /Energy Economics and Policy,

DISENTANGLING THE RELATIONS BETWEEN ACUTE STRESS, CHRONIC STRESS, AND PROSPECTIVE MEMORY

Given the importance and prevalence of Prospective Memory (PM) in daily life and the common experience of stress, it is critical to understand the relations between them. Despite a growing literature base, the answers to some of the simplest questions about these relations remain unanswered. The present study was designed to investigate the relations between both acute and chronic stress and time- and event-based PM. Several methodological features make this study unique and may contribute to a broadening of our understanding of PM in daily life. The results of the present study revealed that chronic stress was negatively correlated with strategic clock monitoring and time-based PM. On the other hand, chronic stress measures did not correlate significantly with either focal or non-focal event-based PM. Acute stress was not correlated with significant differences in PM performance. Prospective memory performance was not significantly correlated with time of day, nor did time of day help to account for the general null findings between acute stress and PM abilities. Continuing to explore the nuanced ways in which stress and PM interact will clarify whether different types of stress can be beneficial or detrimental to one’s ability to complete intentions in the future, and under what conditions

Environmental effects on an optical-UV-IR synthesis array

The Moon offers a stable platform with excellent seeing conditions for the Lunar Optical-UV-IR Synthesis Array (LOUISA). Some troublesome aspects of the lunar environment will need to be overcome to realize the full potential of the Moon as an observatory site. Mitigation of negative effects of vacuum, thermal radiation, dust, and micrometeorite impact is feasible with careful engineering and operational planning. Shields against impact, dust, and solar radiation need to be developed. Means of restoring degraded surfaces are probably essential for optical and thermal control surfaces deployed in long-lifetime lunar facilities. Precursor missions should be planned to validate and enhance the understanding of the lunar environment (e.g., dust behavior without and with human presence and to determine environmental effects on surfaces and components. Precursor missions should generate data useful in establishing keepout zones around observatory facilities while rocket launches and landings, mining, and vehicular traffic could be detrimental to observatory operation

Environmental effects on lunar astronomical observatories

The Moon offers a stable platform with excellent seeing conditions for astronomical observations. Some troublesome aspects of the lunar environment will need to be overcome to realize the full potential of the Moon as an observatory site. Mitigation of negative effects of vacuum, thermal radiation, dust, and micrometeorite impact is feasible with careful engineering and operational planning. Shields against impact, dust, and solar radiation need to be developed. Means of restoring degraded surfaces are probably essential for optical and thermal control surfaces deployed in long-lifetime lunar facilities. Precursor missions should be planned to validate and enhance the understanding of the lunar environment (e.g., dust behavior without and with human presence) and to determine environmental effects on surfaces and components. Precursor missions should generate data useful in establishing keepout zones around observatory facilities where rocket launches and landings, mining, and vehicular traffic could be detrimental to observatory operation

A lunar far-side very low frequency array

Papers were presented to consider very low frequency (VLF) radio astronomical observations from the moon. In part 1, the environment in which a lunar VLF radio array would function is described. Part 2 is a review of previous and proposed low-frequency observatories. The science that could be conducted with a lunar VLF array is described in part 3. The design of a lunar VLF array and site selection criteria are considered, respectively, in parts 4 and 5. Part 6 is a proposal for precursor lunar VLF observations. Finally, part 7 is a summary and statement of conclusions, with suggestions for future science and engineering studies. The workshop concluded with a general consensus on the scientific goals and preliminary design for a lunar VLF array