Occurrence of hyphomycetes and actinomycetes in red-yellow latosol from a cerrado region in Brazil

A study to quantify the populations of filamentous fungi and actinomycetes was undertaken in a cerrado area, in Corumbatai county, São Paulo, at different depths of medium-textured red-yellow latosol, correlating them to humidity, organic matter, pH of the soil and climatic factors. The technique used was the serial dilution of composite soil samples (n=4), using Martin's medium with streptomycin for filamentous fungi and a starch medium for actinomycetes. The number of filamentous fungi was more abundant in the first soil layer, 0-5 cml compared to the other depths. The number of actinomycetes was higher between 5 cm and 50 cm depth. There were two-monthly variations in the number of filamentous fungi and actinomycetes. A sharp drop in fungi was found in May 1988 at all depths of the soil, when there was lower air temperature and an atypically high monthly rainfall for this period in the cerrado. Statistically significant and directly proportional correlations were obtained between the number of actinomycetes and the rainfall at depths of 0 to 5 cm and 50 to 100 cm. The results obtained in the different soil layers to 100 cm depth demonstrated the importance of the first 5 cm layer due to the heavy concentration of microorganisms, mainly the filamentous fungi, together with the highest organic matter content

Atividade da celulase de fungos isolados do solo da Estação Ecológica de Juréia-Itatins, São Paulo, Brasil

Oitenta fungos filamentosos isolados do solo da Mata Atlântica da região conhecida como Banhado Grande, Estação Ecológica de Juréia-Itatins, São Paulo, Brasil, foram analisados para avaliar seus potenciais quanto a produção de celulases em resposta à presença de celulose, como única fonte de carbono, em meio de cultura. Foi utilizada a técnica de coloração com vermelho congo e determinada a atividades da celulase em papel de filtro (FPase) e em carboximetilcelulose (CMCase). Os fungos foram diferenciados quanto à atividade dessas enzimas, pois tais atividades variaram em relação ao tipo de substrato e à metodologia aqui utilizados. A melhor atividade CMCase (1,64 U) foi obtida com o cultivo de Trichoderma harzianum (V) em meio de farelo de trigo após cultivo por 4 dias, a 25 ºC. Os resultados obtidos não forneceram evidências para diferenciar qualquer linhagem que tivesse melhor atividade da celulase em relação às demais. Contudo, sugerem que estudos mais detalhados com as linhagens de Trichoderma: T. harzianum III e V, T. inhamatum I, T. longibrachiatum, T. pseudokoningii II e T. viride I, serão necessários para avaliar se estas são potencialmente boas produtoras de celulase, sob condições adequadas de cultivo.Eighty filamentous fungi strains isolated from soil of the Atlantic rainforest in the Banhado Grande, an Ecological Station region of Juréia-Itatins, São Paulo State, Brazil, were analysed concerning their potential to produce cellulolytic enzymes in response to the cellulose presence in the culture medium, as the only carbon source. For this purpose, a staining technique using congo red was employed and the cellulase activity on filter paper (FPase) and carboxymethylcellulose (CMCase) were measured. The fungi were differentiated regarding the activity of these enzymes, because such activity changed with the substrate type and with the methodology used. The best CMCase activity (1.64 U) was obtained with the cultivation of Trichoderma harzianum (V) on wheat bran medium after 4 days, at 25 ºC. The obtained results did not supply evidences to differentiate any strain that had better cellulase activity in relation to the others. However, they offer information necessary to evaluate whether Trichoderma strains: T. harzianum III and V, T. inhamatum I, T. longibrachiatum, T. pseudokoningii II, and T. viride I, are potentially good producers of cellulase or not.Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP

Use of the HDS system (hydric depuration with soils) associated to other constructed wetlands techniques for public water supply

Two projects of water treatment for public water supply were developed and operated by using combined systems of constructed wetlands. One of the projects was carried out in the town of Analandia, Sao Paulo, Brazil and wetlands with floating aquatic plants associated to the HDS system were used. Nearly 6480 inhabitants were supplied. The other conducted project was an experimental station in partnership with SABESP (Sao Paulo State Sanitation Agency/Brazil), for the pretreatment of 1700 l.s-1 of waters from the Cotia River, which is used for the population's supply after conventional treatment at the Lower Cotia Water Treatment Station. For this pilot project, wetlands with emergents and floating plants associated to the HDS system were used. The proposed objectives were achieved in both projects

Lipid formation and γ-linolenic acid production by Mucor circinelloides and Rhizopus sp., grown on vegetable oil

Linhagens de fungos foram testadas em sistema automatizado Bioscreen para selecionar melhor fonte nutricional. em seguida, foram estudadas culturas submersas em meios contendo uma única fonte de carbono e de nitrogênio. As linhagens contendo alta concentração de lipídeos tiveram melhor crescimento em meio contendo óleos de gergelim ou de dendê. Maior concentração de ácido γ-linolênico foi obtida com M. circinelloides nas culturas em óleo de gergelim.The fungi strains were tested in Bioscreen automated system to select the best nutritional source. Following, shaking submserse cultures were studied in media containing sole carbon or nitrogen source. The growth of these strains improved in media containing vegetable oil, with high concentration of lipids. The high concentration of γ-linolenic acid was obtained with M. circinelloides in culture containing sesame oil.Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP

Fatty acid production by four strains of Mucor hiemalis grown in plant oil and soluble carbohydrates

Four Mucor hiemalis strains (M1, M2, M3 and M4), isolated from soil at a depth of 0 - 15 cm in the Juréia-Itatins Ecology Station (JIES), in the state of São Paulo, Brazil and were evaluated for the production of γ-linolenic (GLA) and other unsaturated fatty acids. Five growth variables (temperature, pH, carbon source, nitrogen source, and vegetable oils) were studied. Liquid media containing 2% vegetable oil (palm oil, canola oil, soybean oil, sesame oil, or sunflower oil) or 2% carbohydrate (fructose, galactose, glycerol, glucose, lactose, maltose, sucrose, sorbitol or xylose) and 1% yeast extract as a nitrogen source were used. The greatest biomass production was observed with M3 and M4 strains in palm oil (91.5 g l -1) and sunflower oil (68.3 g l -1) media, respectively. Strain M4 produced greater quantities of polyunsaturated acids in medium containing glucose. The GLA production in the M4 biomass was 1,132.2 mg l -1 in glucose medium. Plant oils were inhibitors of fatty acid production by these strains. © 2007 Academic Journals

Comparative Growth Of Trichoderma Strains In Different Nutritional Sources, Using Bioscreen C Automated System [crescimento De Linhagens De Trichoderma Em Diferentes Fontes Nutricionais, Empregando O Sistema Automatizado Bioscreen C]

Trichoderma is one of the fungi genera that produce important metabolites for industry. The growth of these organisms is a consequence of the nutritional sources used as also of the physical conditions employed to cultivate them. In this work, the automated Bioscreen C system was used to evaluate the influence of different nutritional sources on the growth of Trichoderma strains (T. hamatum, T. harzianum, T. viride, and T. longibrachiatum) isolated from the soil in the Juréia-Itatins Ecological Station (JIES), São Paulo State -Brazil. The cultures were grown in liquid culture media containing different carbon- (2%; w/v) and nitrogen (1%; w/v) sources at 28°C, pH 6.5, and agitated at 150 rpm for 72 h. 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